Malignant tumors are the third leading cause of death worldwide. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization in 2002, there were 10.9 million new cases of malignant neoplasms, 6.7 million deaths and 24.6 million people suffering from malignant neoplasms in the world, and in 2005, the number of deaths due to malignant neoplasms had risen to 7.6 million. The number of global deaths due to malignant tumors has accounted for 12% of the total number of deaths, and the number of global deaths due to malignant tumors will reach 10 million per year after 20 years, with 15 million new deaths per year. In addition, malignant tumors are the number one cause of death and disability in the global working-age population aged 15-64 years. Currently the most prevalent malignant tumor in the world is lung cancer, with 1.2 million new patients each year, accounting for 17.8% of tumor deaths. It is followed by breast cancer, with 1 million new patients each year, colorectal cancer (940,000), stomach cancer (870,000), liver cancer (560,000), cervical cancer (470,000), and esophageal cancer (410,000), in that order. Among them, the most harmful ones are lung cancer, stomach cancer and liver cancer, accounting for 17.8%, 10.4% and 8.8% of malignant tumor deaths respectively. China’s population-wide, cause-of-death review survey in the 1970s and the 1/10 population cause-of-death review sample survey in the 1990s basically mapped out the distribution of tumor deaths and the trend of change in China’s population, so that China’s tumor prevention and treatment work is placed on the basis of science and China’s unique high incidence of a variety of tumors provide valuable resources for China’s tumor prevention and treatment research and can be shared with the world. The high incidence sites of tumors in China are: nasopharyngeal cancer-Zhongshan City and Sihui County in Guangdong Province; esophageal cancer-Linzhou City in Henan Province, Maguxian County in Hebei Province and Yanting County in Sichuan Province; gastric cancer-Linqu and Qixia in Shandong Province; hepatocellular carcinoma-Qidong in Jiangsu Province and Wuzhou in Guangxi Province; lung cancer-Wu’old in Yunnan Province; cervical cancer -Yunnan Province; cervical cancer-Shanxi Xiangyuan, Yangcheng, Shaanxi Luoyang; intestinal cancer-Zhejiang Jiashan. According to the survey data of 1990-1992, deaths from digestive tract tumors were dominated in China. The top four male tumor deaths were gastric, liver, lung, and esophageal cancers, and the top four female tumor deaths were gastric, esophageal, liver, and lung cancers, which is clearly different from the tumor spectrum of developed countries. During the 20-year period from 1973-1992, tumor deaths rose by 12% (adjusted rate) and accounted for 17.9% of the causes of death, ranking second among the causes of death. In China’s large and medium-sized cities, the incidence of lung cancer and breast cancer has been on the rise in recent years. It is estimated that in 2000, there were about 2 million new cases of malignant tumors in China, about 1.5 million deaths, and about 3 million existing cases.Since the 1970s, the mortality rate of malignant tumors in China has been on a clear upward trend. Since the 1970s, the mortality rate of malignant tumors in China has been on a clear upward trend. As the main influencing factors are the changes in the age structure of the population, as well as the large population base exposed to poor lifestyles and environments, the mortality rate of cancers in China will continue to rise in the next 20-30 years. The rising trend of cancer mortality in China’s rural areas is significantly higher than that in urban areas, and the danger of cancer is particularly serious in rural high-incidence areas, which deserves attention. In the 1970s, the death ranks of malignant tumors in China were stomach, esophageal, liver, lung and cervical cancers; in the 1990s, the death ranks were stomach, liver, lung, esophageal and colorectal cancers; and in 2000, the death ranks of malignant tumors were lung, liver, stomach, esophageal and colorectal cancers. It can be seen that our country is in the transition from a developing country with a high incidence of cancer to a developed country with a high incidence of cancer, and a situation of coexistence of the two has been formed, which makes the prevention and treatment of cancer more difficult. The cancers that should be prevented in China are lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer, which account for 80% of malignant tumor deaths. At present, while the mortality rate of liver, stomach and esophageal cancers remains high, lung, colorectal and breast cancers are on the rise. The prevention and treatment of malignant tumors is one of the most important public health issues.