Recently, most areas of China continue to suffer from air pollution, air pollutant concentrations have reached record highs. The two sessions, “haze” and “PM2.5″ has become the focus of attention of the two sessions of the delegates and members. Experts call for the haze has become a health killer National People’s Congress, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Zhong Nanshan said in an interview with the media, haze than ” SARS ” more terrible, after collecting the 2011 ~ 2012 foreign data, Zhong Nanshan
After collecting foreign data from 2011 to 2012, Zhong Nanshan initially concluded that haze has an impact on the respiratory system, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and nervous system, and PM2.5 has become a hidden factor threatening people’s health. Yang Chengwei, Department of Interventional Radiology, Qingdao Fu Wai Hospital Wu Yiling, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, also pointed out that the tiny particles in the haze can enter the human bronchi and alveoli, causing serious damage to the respiratory system and lungs, and may even replace smoking as the number one causative “killer” of lung cancer. Governance should begin with legislation to protect public health, management of air pollution has become urgent, the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, the famous medical expert Wang Chengli believes that the fundamental way to solve the problem is legislation, to manage PM2.5
As one of the criteria for assessing and evaluating the performance of leading cadres. Xiong Sidong, a member of the CPPCC National Committee and vice president of Soochow University, agreed and further pointed out that the current implementation of China’s “Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law” does not cover PM2.5, which is not applicable to the current state of air pollution and should be improved as soon as possible to clarify the legal boundaries of air pollution, including PM2.5.
Within the air pollution legal boundaries, prevention and control measures and responsibilities, designate the emergency plan of air pollution and related energy consumption structure, industrial layout and other programs and measures, and to control PM2.5
emissions into the government’s binding targets. Conduct early research to come up with countermeasures As the saying goes, “Don’t fight an unprepared battle.” Only by being prepared can we come up with countermeasures when the next haze comes, Xiong Sidong pointed out that we should increase the research on the current situation of PM2.5 pollution, physical and chemical properties and observation characteristics in China.
Analyze the relationship between PM2.5 and meteorological conditions, lay the foundation for the establishment of air quality and haze pollution forecast and early warning emergency and make the necessary preparations for PM2.5
The study will provide technical support for the monitoring of PM2.5. At the same time, the research on the source, material basis and content of PM2.5 in China should be strengthened, so that targeted measures can be taken for the treatment or banning of emissions. Government Regulation and Public Opinion Monitoring A two-pronged approach Yu Guangyan, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and dean of the Peking University School of Dentistry, pointed out that the government should be determined to take a series of feasible measures to strengthen regulation. Such as control the number of motor vehicles in the city, according to the effective road operating capacity, to work out the upper limit of motor vehicles, especially small car ownership; strengthen the supervision of oil quality, increase the strength of the penalty for excessive oil; strict control of open-air barbecue and burning garbage and other illegal acts; for the northwest of the city, design the building structure to prevent particle-based dust pollution, and the establishment of mechanisms to prevent dust; for the regional characteristics of air pollution The establishment of joint prevention and control mechanisms in various provinces and regions, etc. At the same time, we cannot ignore the power of the people, Yu Guangyan suggested that the public can be informed of the current situation and mobilized to participate in air quality supervision by continuously monitoring the air quality of the country’s major cities on a daily basis and regularly reporting the monitoring results to the public truthfully, so that the pressure of public opinion can prompt the relevant departments and polluters to control and manage in a timely manner. Academic Research Air pollution and human health Several studies published by domestic and foreign scholars in recent years have shown that air pollution is closely related to heart disease, respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease and diabetes, among which fine particles <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2
The health and economic risks of fine particles (PM2.5) are extremely great. Although there is no detailed research on haze in China up to now, foreign data on PM2.5
has health effects can provide a reference and give us a wake-up call that only early intervention can gain time for treatment. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease In May 2010, the American College of Cardiology released a scientific statement on air pollution and cardiovascular disease that clearly states that PM2.5
There is a clear causal relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. The statement states that exposure to PM2.5 air pollution for only a few days to a few days is associated with cardiovascular disease.
pollution for days to weeks can lead to cardiovascular death and non-fatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, and stroke; long-term exposure to polluted air is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular death and a significantly shorter life expectancy. Later, in 2011, a study on air pollution and health effects in China published in the journal Science of the Total Environment by Professor Kan Haidong and others from the School of Public Health, Fudan University, also suggested that PM2.5
may be the most important pollutant causing deaths from heart and lung diseases: for every 10 μg/m3 increase in the average concentration of PM10~2.5, the total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and respiratory mortality increase by 0.25%, 0.25% and 0.48%, respectively.
and 0.48%, respectively. However, after correcting for PM2.5 concentrations, these relationships disappeared, suggesting that PM2.5 is indeed an important lethal pollutant. The study also found that every 1 d increase in the average 2-d concentration of CO
mg/m3 was associated with a 2.89% and 4.17% increase in non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. A pooled analysis of 33 studies related to air pollution in China found that for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration
μg/m3 was associated with a 0.38%, 0.51% and 0.44% increase in the risk of total mortality, respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. The results of a study from Guangzhou suggested that for each 10 mg/m3 increase in SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentrations, the risk of non-accidental mortality increased by 1.54%, 1.42% and 1.26%, respectively, and the risk of cardiovascular mortality increased by 1.54%.
and 1.26% for SO2, NO2 and PM10, and 2.28%, 1.81% and 1.79% for cardiovascular mortality, respectively. Air pollution and respiratory disease A large U.S. study published in 2011 followed 180,000 subjects for 26 years and found that for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5
μg/m3, the risk of lung cancer increased by 15%-27%. Japanese scholars observed more than 6,000 lung cancer patients for 8.7 years and found that every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 increased the risk of lung cancer.
μg/m3, the risk of lung cancer increased by 24%. During the last decade, the lung cancer rate in Beijing has increased by 60%, which experts speculate has a lot to do with air pollution. Studies have shown that exposure of children with asthma to polluted air, especially car exhaust, significantly worsens respiratory symptoms. A recently published review suggests that for every 10 μg/m3 increase in the annual average atmospheric PM2.5 concentration, acute lower respiratory symptoms increase.
μg/m3 in the atmosphere is associated with a 12% increase in the risk of acute lower respiratory tract infections (AirQual Atmos Health.
2013, 6:69). A prospective study from Sweden showed that in infants, exposure to traffic-related air pollution adversely affected their lung development (Am J Respir Crit Care
Med. 2012,186:1208). A small UK socioecological study published in Stroke showed that for older adults aged 65-79 years, the risk of ischemic stroke increased by 86% for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10; NO2
ischemic stroke risk increased by 23% for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 concentration. The American Heart Association guidelines state that short-term exposure to PM2.5 polluted air is moderately associated with stroke.
A 2007 Finnish study showed that air pollution during the warm season was associated with an increased risk of stroke death. A large Danish cohort study published in Diabetes Care with a mean follow-up of 9.7 years suggested that chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution may contribute to the development of diabetes, with an increased risk of diabetes for every 4.9 μg/m3 increase in mean NO2 concentration.
μg/m3 was associated with a 4% increase in diabetes risk, with nonsmokers and exercisers being particularly susceptible, with a 12% and 10% increase in diabetes risk, respectively. In addition to the above diseases, studies have also indicated that air pollution may be associated with diseases such as otitis media, cognitive decline, premature birth and autism. According to 2007 WHO estimates, China accounts for 1/3 of the world’s air pollutants. 656,000 deaths per year in China are due to air pollution and 95,600 deaths due to drinking water pollution.
With 656,000 deaths per year due to air pollution and 956,000 deaths due to drinking water pollution, China is the most deadly country in the world for air pollution. The health hazards of air pollution are also manifested in the huge medical costs associated with it. British scholars such as Kira Matus reported that in 2005
In 2005, the total medical costs of ozone and fine particle air pollution in China were $3,197 million and $22,358 million, respectively, while the absolute value of GDP loss due to PM2.5 air pollution was $103.9
billion, or 5.9% of GDP.