How do stones form? Nowadays, stone disease is becoming more and more common and frequent. Patients with stone disease range from 20 or 30 years old to 60 or 70 years old, second only to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes. The causes of stone formation are also diverse, with the improvement of people’s living standards, unhealthy lifestyle is the main reason for the increasing number of stone disease. Stones are not formed overnight, so you should pay more attention to your diet, eat less fish and meat, exercise more, drink more water and keep a good mood. Stone formation and diet are inseparable, do not gorge yourself on food and drink and limit excessive nutrition. Because high protein, high sugar and high fat diet will increase the risk of stone formation. You should eat more coarse grains and vegetarian food as appropriate. In case of stone patients, after the stones are cured, for patients with oxalate stones, foods containing high oxalic acid should be avoided in order to prevent stone recurrence; in case of patients with urate, attention should be paid to eating as little food containing high uric acid as possible. Urinary system stones are multi-infarct, it includes kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones, urethral stones and so on. The incidence of kidney stones is the highest. They are higher in men than in women. In order to prevent the disease from occurring, attention should be paid to the diet, and you should usually drink more water and develop the habit of drinking water. Because drinking more water can increase the volume of urine, dilute the crystals in the urine, so that they can be easily excreted out of the body. At the same time, even if a fine stone has been formed, it can be flushed out from the urine early. It is best to drink more than 2,500 ml of water every day to maintain a clear urine color. If the local water source has a high calcium content, it should be softened before drinking. Exercise can reduce the loss of bone calcium, which in turn reduces the production of kidney stones. In addition, high temperature work, heredity, low water intake, and eating animal offal can increase the chance of urinary stones. The easiest way to prevent urinary stones is to drink more water, exercise more, and actively prevent and treat urinary tract infections. Kidney stones are a common urinary stone disease. The size, shape, part of the kidney stone and the presence of complications such as infection can affect the symptom performance during a kidney stone attack, so the treatment regarding kidney stones also depends on the specific condition. The symptoms of kidney stones mainly include renal colic, hematuria, pyuria and chronic renal failure. 1, renal colic: renal colic is often manifested in the upper urinary tract with stones, mostly at night or early morning sudden onset. When the stone blocked the urinary tract or in the state of downward movement, renal colic increased. When the stone is in a section of the ureter and local inflammation occurs, the pain will be localized; when the stone is near the bladder, renal colic can occur again, and symptoms such as urinary frequency, urinary urgency and painful urination will appear. 2, hematuria, pus urine: Acute renal colic is often accompanied by obvious meatus or microscopic hematuria. After the stone stops moving for several days, the hematuria disappears. A few stones may cause complete obstruction without hematuria. If the stone is combined with infection, hematuria and pus urine will occur at the same time. 3, chronic renal failure: Patients with single kidney or bilateral kidney stones, if the stones are obstructed for a long time or combined with infection, may cause chronic renal failure. Patients with pain in the kidney area is not obvious, or even no conscious pain, mainly manifested as urinary tract infection, gastrointestinal symptoms, anemia, heart failure, abdominal mass or fever of unknown cause, which is very easy to cause misdiagnosis. There are many treatment methods for urinary stones. 1, kidney stones: generally less than 5mm in diameter can be discharged by themselves after drug treatment, stones larger than 5mm less than 2cm can be treated by extracorporeal lithotripsy, or surgery. Personally, I think it is better not to exceed three times of extracorporeal lithotripsy, after all, there is still damage to the kidney. In addition, surgical treatment includes open surgery and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. At present, with the development of percutaneous nephrolithotomy, it gradually becomes the main method of treatment for kidney stones, which is minimally invasive surgery, with the advantages of small trauma, fast recovery, direct vision operation and complete stone extraction. 2, ureteral stones: divided into upper ureteral stones and lower ureteral stones. The upper ureteral stones are mostly removed by laparoscopic ureterotomy and open surgery, while the lower ureteral stones can be removed by ureteroscopy. 3, bladder stones: stones less than 2cm can be removed by ureteroscopy, while larger ones should be considered for cystotomy. 4.Urethral stones: stones in the posterior urethra can be retreated to the bladder and treated as bladder stones; stones in the anterior urethra can be removed directly under local anesthesia, if they are small, they can only be removed by lithotripsy.