Ultra high myopia is defined as myopia of 1000 degrees or more. Ultra-high myopia causes a great deal of trouble, even restricting people’s diet, preventing them from participating in intense physical activity, and possibly causing complications such as retinal detachment, cataract, macular hemorrhage and macular degeneration, vitreous humor, glaucoma, and many others.
Patients with ultra-high myopia are generally considered to be those with 900 degrees or more of myopia.
It is generally believed that most patients with ultra-high myopia are genetically related, and this is true for most patients. The question, however, is what measures to take to prevent deepening or even reduce myopia.
Some people believe that surgery can cure myopia, but from the example of Xu, some patients with hyperopic myopia still have myopic complications even after surgery (see Advice for Highly Myopic Patients), which suggests that non-surgical measures must be taken to prevent and treat myopia. Some patients with high myopia often become blind in middle age due to fundus hemorrhage and retinal detachment caused by brittle blood vessels and high blood pressure. These patients must therefore fight against myopia to avoid the worst-case scenario.
I. How to relieve myopia
Generally speaking, patients with ultra-high myopia are experiencing myopic complications to the point where measures must be taken. The following measures can be taken to solve or partially solve the problems of these patients.
1. Clarify the target. This condition is generally impossible to cure with non-surgical methods (even a cure is very long and there is no precedent yet), but it is urgent to reduce some degrees and prevent complications.
2, with a relatively low number of glasses, such as wearing myopic glasses, to prevent looking too close to the target.
3, less computer, reading books, pay attention to the sitting posture, prevent too close to read books.
4, to often look away, walking, labor, etc., to relax the eye regulation.
Second, high myopia food therapy
In order to prevent the occurrence and development of myopia, the food selected for dietary therapy is mainly to supplement the nutrients necessary for the ciliary muscle and sclera in the eye, enhance the muscle strength of the ciliary muscle and help it recover its inherent function; strengthen the toughness of the sclera, enhance its resistance to the outside world and prevent its expansion. Nearsighted people can supplement the following nutrients.
1. Protein: In the case of the sclera, it can become a tough shell of the eye because it contains a variety of essential amino acids and constitutes a very strong fibrous tissue. Although the sclera has a certain degree of toughness, it is still relatively weak in the anterior and posterior diameter parts of the eye axis. Meat, fish, eggs, milk and other animal foods are not only rich in protein, but also contain all the essential amino acids.
2. Calcium: Calcium is the main component of bones and also the main component of sclera. The high content of calcium plays a major role in enhancing the toughness of the sclera. Animal bones such as cow bone, pig bone and sheep bone are rich in calcium and can be easily absorbed and used by the body. Other products such as dairy, bean products, shrimp, shrimp, eggs, rape, cabbage, peanut rice, dates, etc. also contain more calcium.
3, zinc: myopia patients generally lack chromium and zinc, myopia patients should eat more food containing more zinc. Foods such as soybeans, almonds, nori, kelp, mutton, yellow fish, milk powder, tea, meat, beef, liver, etc. contain more zinc and chromium and can be increased in moderation.
4, vitamins: vitamins are essential nutrients for the human body. Although the body’s demand for them is very small, but they play an extremely important role in the body’s material and energy metabolism. The food is rich in vitamins such as eggs, milk, meat, fish, liver and fresh vegetables and fruits.
5, the liver and kidney food: these foods are mainly wolfberry, walnuts, peanuts, dates, cinnamon, honey, shrimp, fish, meat, eggs, etc.
Third, how to treat
Ultra-high myopia treatment has been a major problem in the ophthalmology field. With the birth of refractive IOL implantation, after a lot of clinical practice, it has so far become a better choice for patients with ultra-high myopia to correct their vision.
The refractive state of the eye is mainly determined by the refractive power of the eye and the length of the eye axis. With myopia, the patient cannot see far away because the length of the eye’s axis becomes longer and light is focused in front of the retina. During refractive IOL surgery, a custom-made concave lens is implanted into the eye to change the focus of the light so that it is accurately focused on the retina to correct myopia.
Refractive IOL implantation preserves the integrity of the eye’s physiological structure and adjustment function, has a larger optical area, eliminates aberrations, and has a larger range of adaptation than keratoconus surgery. After surgery, the patient suffers less pain, has faster vision recovery, and has stable refraction without regression.
Myopia is a refractive error of more than 600 degrees (>400 degrees in children), which is called high myopia. Because this type of myopia has pathological changes in the eye, high myopia is equated with pathologicalmyopia or degenerativemyopia. The cause of high myopia is not known with certainty. The occurrence of pathological myopia is more genetically related. The acquired environment plays an important role in the development of myopia.
IV. Pathophysiology
Axial elongation is the anatomical basis for the pathology of myopia. The main lesion is in the posterior part of the eye, which is pear or egg shaped.
1. The posterior elastic layer of the cornea may rupture in highly myopic eyes.
2, Scleral thinning of the sclera in myopic eyes is one of the characteristics of the pathological changes. The longitudinal fibers become thin and the transverse fibers separate or disappear. This is related to scleral collagen abnormalities.
3, The ciliary body mainly shows atrophy, which can be confined to the annular fibers.
4, The vitreous body is disrupted by normal reticular structure due to degeneration and liquefaction, with increased gray fibers and vacuoles. Peripheral adhesions may occur, and detachment may occur in the posterior part where high myopia is not suitable for long-term reading.
5. The main changes in the choroid are progressive atrophy and thinning of the choroid, including degeneration, destruction of melanocytes and the appearance of neovascularization. The elastic layer is cracked, showing lacquer cracks
6.As the eye elongates posteriorly, the choroid around the optic disc is pulled away from the optic disc, where Bruch’s membrane also terminates and the outer layer of the retina and the pigment epithelium are exposed to the sclera, thus forming a white arcuate area.
7. The retina mainly shows degenerative changes. This includes atrophy and degeneration. The normal hexagonal arrangement of retinal pigment epithelial cells is replaced by irregular cell layers. There is a lot of pigment outside the cells. pigment proliferates and accumulates at the splitting of Bruch’s membrane. Ring-shaped Fuchs spots may be formed in the macula. The elastic layer is absent, causing the retina-choroid to fuse together and eventually scarring with pigmentation. Choroidal neovascularization may grow across the Bruch’s membrane rupture into the subretina, forming a subretinal neovascular membrane. The rupture of the neovascularization causes macular hemorrhage. The vitreous may adhere to and tract the atrophied retina. It can cause retinal fissure and detachment.
V. Disease symptoms
1.Decreased visual acuity.
2. Rapid development of myopia: Unlike simple myopia, some highly myopic eyes continue to develop myopia even after reaching adulthood, so it is also called progressive myopia.
3. Eye protrusion: High myopia is mostly axial, the eye is significantly longer, the anterior chamber is deeper, the ciliary muscle is atrophied, and some people’s eyes protrude outward.
4. Poor dark adaptation function: The pigment epithelium of the retina is lesioned, affecting the photochemical reaction process of the optic cells.
5. Dark shadows in front of the eyes: High myopia can cause vitreous degeneration, liquefaction, posterior vitreous detachment, etc.
Six, disease hazards
1, the danger of high myopia mainly lies in complications.
2.Vitreous, choroidal and retinal degeneration caused by abnormal eye structure and nutritional disorders.
3.Atrophy of macular degeneration and posterior chylomicron due to prolongation of the eye axis, scleral elongation, and abnormal biomechanical effects.
4. Amblyopia and strabismus due to low visual acuity and disorder of convergence function.
VII. Complications
1.Vitreous lesion is caused by the lengthening of the eye axis and the enlargement of the vitreous cavity, which leads to progressive vitreous degeneration, and thus liquefaction, turbidity and posterior detachment occur one after another.
Cataract can also involve the lens due to abnormalities in intraocular blood circulation and tissue degeneration, mainly manifesting as clouding of the lens.
Glaucoma combined with open-angle glaucoma is six to eight times more than normal eyes, and the proportion of normal intraocular pressure glaucoma and suspected glaucoma is also significantly higher than other groups of people who are prone to other diseases caused by high myopia.
4, macular lesions common macular hemorrhage, macular degeneration, macular fissure.
5, retinal detachment is a common complication of high myopia, the incidence is eight or ten times higher than other people. The proportion of primary or foraminogenic retinal detachment in myopic eyes can be as high as 70% or more.
6, posterior scleralspaphylomn (posteriorscleralspaphylomn) degenerative myopia due to the posterior over-extension of the eye from the equator, the posterior pole of the sclera is significantly thinner, limited expansion occurs, in the role of intraocular pressure, the sclera bulges, and the formation of posterior scleral staphylomatous of varying sizes. Its occurrence is obviously related to the level of refractive error and the length of the eye.
7, Amblyopia.
8.Strabismus is often accompanied by occult exotropia or dominant exotropia due to abnormalities and dysfunctional interrelationships between regulation and assembly.