With the improvement of medical technology, the proportion of infant and child deaths caused by infectious diseases has gradually decreased, and congenital malformations, especially congenital heart disease, have become the leading cause of death in children. According to statistics, 150,000 children are born with heart defects in China every year, and about half of these children with congenital heart disease will die within one year of age if they are not treated in time. Studies have found that congenital heart disease is caused by a variety of factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors, and infections. Viral infections early in the mother’s pregnancy, placental malfunction, diabetes, and exposure to higher levels of radiation, various chemicals, alcohol, and drugs (such as diet pills) can all contribute to congenital heart disease. In the past, it was generally believed that the incidence of congenital heart disease in China was about 6-8 out of 1000 live births with congenital heart disease, but monitoring in recent years has shown that there is a significant trend of increase in its incidence, with the total incidence nationwide at about 11 per 1,000. Studies also show that mothers who have had a child born with congenital heart disease are 4-5 times more likely to have a child with congenital heart disease if they become pregnant again than normal. Infant behavior “warns” of heart disease Many congenital heart diseases have no specific clinical symptoms in their early stages, so early detection is sometimes difficult. However, infants often exhibit puzzling behaviors, such as incessant crying and inexplicable agitation, that are difficult to “calm down”. Don’t think of these behaviors as “unawareness” of the baby; they are a sign of a possible heart problem. At the same time, these infants rarely feel hungry or even in pain. In addition, children with heart disease often have sweating, shortness of breath and a dry cough. The common manifestations of congenital heart disease, because it has more types of diseases, are different. The common manifestations are that infants have difficulty feeding or refusing to eat, choking and coughing, often appearing to eat and stop, shortness of breath, pale face, breath-holding, etc.; infants’ development is obviously lagging behind that of children of the same age, manifesting as thinness, malnutrition, delayed development, etc.; some have difficulty in breathing, accelerated heart rate, accelerated heartbeat, and very few have mouth and lips Some of them have difficulty in breathing, rapid heart rate and heartbeat, and some of them have purple lips, which is clinically called cyanosis. Some children are prone to colds and pneumonia. When parents find that their children have the above symptoms, they should think of the possibility of congenital heart disease as well and do relevant examinations. The mosaic model: a model of congenital heart disease treatment worth promoting The mosaic model of congenital heart disease treatment is a new idea of treatment being implemented in developed countries. In other words, the treatment of congenital heart disease will evolve from the original “single-army” treatment to the “multi-army joint warfare” of obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, cardiology and surgery, in which doctors from different departments will intervene at the same time, share resources, communicate at any time and draw up A set of treatment plan. Generally speaking, there are two ways to detect children with precocious heart disease: an echocardiogram, which is accurate and convenient, and a non-invasive test. If the obstetrician and gynecologist detects a possible heart abnormality in the fetus during the prenatal examination, the pregnant woman is referred to a pediatric cardiologist for a specialized examination, which mainly includes fetal echocardiography and fetal MRI. If a fetal heart abnormality is detected, the pediatric cardiologist can work with the obstetrician to develop an appropriate delivery method and decide on a treatment plan. If surgery is required in the neonatal period, the pediatric cardiologist will work with the pediatric cardiac surgeon to discuss the timing of the surgery and the surgical plan based on the child’s test results. After surgery, follow-up with the pediatric cardiologist continues. The most appropriate time for fetal echocardiography is between 18 and 22 weeks of gestation, before which the heart structures are too small to be easily identified by ultrasound. After this time, the image quality is affected by factors such as increased fetal bone and amniotic fluid and thickening of the placenta. During this time, if complex cardiac malformations are identified, through mutual agreement between the physician and the parents, there is the option to terminate the pregnancy or to deliver the baby at a hospital where infant cardiac surgery is available to develop the best surgical plan for the baby. The other is for the pediatrician to detect the abnormality during the examination of the infant and refer the child to a pediatric cardiologist, who will then perform a specialized examination and evaluation to determine if surgery is needed and when it should be performed. If surgery is needed, the cardiologist contacts the cardiac surgeon directly and promptly, and the cardiac surgeon works together with the child’s parents to discuss the surgical plan and then schedule the surgery. Transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring by the pediatric cardiologist may also be required while the surgery is in progress. After surgery, postoperative monitoring is performed by the pediatric cardiologist in conjunction with the surgeon. The pediatric cardiologist-surgeon is almost inseparable throughout the entire treatment process. More importantly, this mechanism of operation breaks the barrier between cardiac medicine and surgery and avoids the old pattern of children with congenital heart disease being admitted to the cardiology department for diagnosis and then discharged from the hospital to wait in line for admission to the cardiac surgery department, thus realizing one-stop and coherent treatment of congenital heart disease and greatly improving the success rate and outcome of congenital heart disease diagnosis and treatment. Interventional treatment of congenital heart disease With the development of medicine, some simple congenital heart diseases can now be treated with interventional treatment. Interventional treatment is a method of treating heart disease by entering the human heart and large blood vessels through special equipment such as catheters under the guidance of X-ray fluoroscopy or other imaging methods. The catheter is inserted along the blood vessel into the area of the heart to be reached, and after diagnostic imaging, the lesion is quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed, and then the lesion is blocked, dilated or embolized with special equipment. Because it requires only local anesthesia, is easy to operate, does not require open-heart surgery, and is less painful, less risky, and has a faster recovery, its application is becoming more and more widespread, and its scope is gradually expanding to all fields of cardiology. At present, the common congenital heart diseases can be cured by interventional treatment. The success rate of interventional treatment has reached 95% to 100%. Currently, congenital heart diseases that can be treated by intervention include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary valve stenosis, coronary artery fistula, and branch pulmonary artery stenosis. Some parents have raised some concerns about the safety of interventional treatment. Interventional treatment for congenital heart disease has been available for more than 30 years, and its complications are not dramatically higher compared to surgical procedures. The vast majority of complications are related to improper grasp of the indications for interventional therapy. Therefore, patients with congenital heart disease should go to an experienced pediatric cardiologist for a professional examination, and the specialist will agree with the parents on the best plan to ensure safe and effective treatment for the child.