What are urinary tract stones? Any stone that occurs in the human body in the kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra area collectively known as urinary tract stones. Among them, kidney stones, ureteral stones are called upper urinary tract stones; bladder stones, urethra stones called lower urinary tract stones. Urinary stones look like “rocks”. They are mainly composed of inorganic and organic salts and acids, most of which are in crystalline state; such as oxalate, phosphate, urate, cystine, etc.. The prognosis of stones varies greatly depending on the location, etiology, age, gender, and composition of the stone, and untimely treatment can result in obstruction, fluid retention, infection, and renal function impairment. The choice of different treatment methods has a significant impact on the patient’s prognosis. How are urinary stones formed? There are many reasons for the formation of urinary tract stones, mainly in the following areas: living environment; working environment; regional differences; climatic differences; drinking water quality; eating too much animal protein; favoring fruits and vegetables; congenital enzyme deficiency; hyperthyroidism, hypercortisolism; prolonged bed rest; metabolic abnormalities. Dietary habits; long-term use of drugs; urinary tract obstruction, stenosis, infection are one of the causes of stone formation. What are the main reasons for the formation of urinary stones? The main cause of urinary tract stone formation is diet. Excessive intake of dietary ingredients that are associated with stone formation can cause urinary tract stones. It is important to limit the amount of foods that contribute to the formation of stones during the course of the disease. Excessive accumulation of oxalic acid and a predilection for spinach, beans, grapes, cocoa, tea, oranges, tomatoes, potatoes, plums, bamboo shoots, and other popular favorites are exactly the kind of foods that are high in oxalic acid. The large accumulation of oxalic acid in the body is one of the factors leading to kidney and urinary stones. Purine metabolism malfunction, favoring animal offal, seafood, peanuts, bean curd, spinach, etc., all contain more purine components. Purine into the body, to be metabolized, it metabolism of the end product is uric acid. Uric acid can prompt oxalate precipitation in the urine. If too much consumption of purine-rich foods, purine metabolism is out of order, oxalate will be deposited in the urine and the formation of urinary calculi. Fat intake is too much, all kinds of animal meat, especially fat pork, are fat food. Eat more body fat is bound to increase, fat will reduce the intestinal tract can be combined with calcium, thus causing an increase in the absorption of oxalate, once there is a malfunction of the excretory function, such as sweating, drinking less water, less urine, kidney stones are likely to be formed in this case. Doctors often talk about hot days to drink more water, eat a lot of oil and water when the food to drink more water, but also to reduce the risk of getting stones. Increased sugar, sugar is an important nutrient for the body and should be added often and in moderation, but too much at once, especially lactose, can also create conditions for stone formation. It promotes the absorption of calcium, which is more likely to lead to the accumulation of calcium oxalate in the body and the formation of urinary stones. Excessive protein, protein in addition to containing oxalic acid raw materials – glycine, hydroxyproline, protein can also promote intestinal function of calcium absorption. If you often consume high protein food in excess, you will increase the calcium, oxalic acid and uric acid content in the kidney and urine in general. This is the main reason for the increased incidence of kidney stones in the economically developed countries of the world today. What are the main symptoms of urinary stones? The main symptoms of urinary tract stones are pain and hematuria, mostly sudden pain in the waist and abdomen or pain in urination, the pain is as severe as a knife cut, the pain is severe during the attack, and relieved as normal. Can be accompanied by hematuria, mostly microscopic hematuria, because the naked eye is not visible, many patients think it’s okay after the pain relief, neglect to seek medical attention. The result is that the stone grows bigger and bigger, and even cause hematuria, hydronephrosis, serious cases lead to renal failure, uremia. How to check urinary stones? 1, B ultrasound is the current routine inspection of urinary tract stones, painless and non-invasive, X-ray does not show the significance of the stones. Due to gas interference in the human intestine, ureteral stones are easy to miss the diagnosis should be emphasized. 2, X-ray abdominal plain film, 85% of the stones can be visualized on the abdominal plain film, called positive stones. 15% of the stones do not show up on the abdominal plain film, called negative stones. Note that for the stone symptoms typical abdominal plain film did not see the stone image should be further examination, to prevent missed diagnosis. 3, CT examination, almost able to confirm the diagnosis of all urinary tract stones, pay attention to the urography after the temporary not to CT examination, to prevent contrast misdiagnosis. 4.Intravenous pyelography, to understand the morphology and structure of the renal pelvis and calyces, ureteral alignment, bladder contour, and according to the length of time of development, indirectly understand the function of the kidneys. It is not a routine examination. 5, cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography, intravenous pyelography can not be a clear diagnosis of cases and iodine allergy patients, can be carried out this test, there is a certain degree of pain, not as a routine examination. 8, nuclear magnetic, stones in the nuclear magnetic examination does not show, should not be selected. What are the treatments for urinary tract stones? The treatment of kidney and ureteral stones should be based on the size, location, number, shape, one side or both sides of the stone, with or without urinary tract obstruction, concomitant infections, the degree of renal function impairment, systemic conditions, as well as conditions of treatment, etc., to carry out a specific analysis and comprehensive consideration. However, when colic attacks, the symptoms should be relieved first, and then choose the treatment plan. (A) renal colic treatment. 1, antispasmodic pain relief, 2, acupressure pain relief, 3, local closure of skin sensitized areas, 4, acupuncture therapy, (ii) Non-surgical therapy. Non-surgical treatment is generally suitable for stone diameter of less than 1 cm, peripheral smooth, no obvious urinary tract obstruction and infection, for some clinical symptoms do not cause a large antler-shaped stone in the kidney, can also be temporary non-surgical treatment. 1, drink a lot of water, increase the volume of urine to flush the urinary tract, promote the downward movement of stones, dilute the urine to reduce the precipitation of crystals. 2, herbal treatment, 3, acupuncture methods, increase the renal pelvis, ureteral peristalsis, conducive to the discharge of stones. 4, often jumping activities, or the peripheral smooth, without obvious urinary tract obstruction and infection. 4, often for jumping activities, or on the calyx of the kidney stone inverted three-dimensional position and patting activities, is also conducive to the discharge of stones. 5, other, the urine culture of bacterial infection, the use of sensitive drugs actively anti-infection, the existence of metabolic disorders in the body, should be actively treating the primary disease as well as regulating the acidity and alkalinity of the urine and so on. (C) extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. (D) Surgical therapy. Open surgery, stone-induced urinary tract obstruction has affected renal function, or by non-surgical treatment is ineffective, no extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy conditions, should consider surgical treatment. Preoperative renal function must be understood bilaterally, and those with infection should first use antimicrobials to control the infection. Ureteral stone patients before entering the operating room or on the operating table preoperative urethrogram for the final localization of the stone. Depending on the size, shape and location of the stone, the following modalities are commonly used surgery, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethral incision lithotripsy, kidney stones on one side with severe hydronephrosis or renal pus, which has severely impaired renal function or loss of function, while the opposite side of the renal function of the person with good kidney function, the affected nephrectomy. Minimally invasive surgery, the urinary system with the help of the urinary tract and the outside world, doctors use nephroscope, ureteroscopy, cystoscopy through the urethra up to reach the bladder, ureter and even the renal pelvis and other parts of the lesions (such as stones) for the direct treatment of the place. Nowadays, more than 90% of patients with urinary stones are cured by minimally invasive surgery, which avoids the pain and shortens the hospitalization time of traditional open. What are the advantages of minimally invasive treatment of stones? Minimally invasive treatment of urinary stones has the advantages of safety, high efficiency, fast recovery, short hospitalization time, precise stone crushing effect, simple operation and less pain for patients. Ureteroscopy can crush stones through the urethra, vesicoureteral contact without open surgery. Kidney larger, cast, multiple, antler-like stones using ultrasound or X-ray localization minimally invasive percutaneous puncture to establish the skin to the kidney stone diameter 0, 7cm channel using nephroscopy for lithotripsy. Combined ureteral polyps or strictures can be treated at the same time to clarify the diagnosis of ureteral disease. What is the first choice of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy treatment? 1, clearly diagnosed urolithiasis. 2, patients with history of colic and hematuria within the last three months of the first discovery. 3, examination of the urinary system without obvious obstruction and stenosis. 4, stones between 0,5 and 2,5M. 5, good physical condition, no serious comorbidities. What preparations should be made before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy? 1.Lift the psychology of fear, and strive for active cooperation. If the position is relatively fixed, the machine is noisy, and hematuria occurs after lithotripsy, etc., then the patient should take laxatives before treatment. 2.Take laxatives before treatment and fast on the same day. 3.Check the blood and urine routine, liver and kidney function, coagulation time, platelet count, electrocardiogram, abdominal plain film, intravenous pyelogram. 4.Apply antibiotics when there are many leukocytes in urine. 5.Develop a treatment plan according to the specific situation. Why should some urinary stones be treated by surgery? 1.Stones are located in the same place for more than three months, and non-surgical treatment is ineffective. 2.There is a clear cause of obstruction such as congenital malformation, stenosis, polyps, tumors and so on. 3.Large, cast, multiple, antler-like stones. Multiple lithotripsy impairs renal function. 4.Repeated infection, fever, bilateral multiple stones, renal function is obviously impaired. 5.Normal renal function on one side, and resection of severe hydronephrosis, thin renal cortex and non-functional kidney. Why do patients with urinary tract stones need regular review after surgery? Patients with urinary tract stone disease are very common in clinic. Many patients are treated surgically or non-surgically and the stones are temporarily removed. But soon, new stones will be generated, the patient is very painful. It turns out that stones can be generated in various parts of the urinary tract, such as the kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra. The formation of urinary stones is affected by the pH of the urine, the presence of obstruction in the urinary tract, the presence of foreign bodies in the urinary tract, and certain other diseases in the body. If patients do not pay attention to their lives, the already cured urinary tract stone disease will recur. Therefore, it is vital to do a good job of preventing stone recurrence. Patients with urinary tract stones must be reviewed regularly after the stones are discharged. This is mainly because (1) for the vast majority of patients with urolithiasis, the discharge of stones is only a “treatment of the symptoms but not the root cause” of the factors that cause the formation of stones has not been resolved. That is to say, if these factors that cause stone formation continue to exist, the stones may recur. (2) In addition to the clear stone has been removed during surgery, regardless of the method of lithotripsy, for most patients, there may be some stone fragments of varying sizes in the body. Some stone fragments may not be visible on X-ray radiographs. If not drained, these stone fragments may become the core of future stone recurrence. (3) For those patients who still have stone fragments after surgery or lithotripsy treatment, it is more important to have regular checkups. Some patients who do not go to the hospital for examination for a long time may have recurrence of stones, resulting in severe hydronephrosis, pus accumulation in the kidney, and ultimately losing a kidney; some patients may have stones that are not too big, but later on the stones grow bigger and bigger and even bigger than the original ones, which will bring a lot of difficulties to the treatment. Therefore, we hope that patients with urolithiasis should receive regular checkups in the hospital so that they can be treated in time if there is any recurrence of stones. The review time is 6 to 12 months. How to effectively reduce the chance of stone development? Understanding the main components of stones and avoiding foods that contain too much of them can reduce the chance of developing stones. Oxalate stones are mostly produced from food, and some of them can also be produced by endogenous mechanisms. Diet should be prohibited high oxalate content of vegetables, such as spinach, amaranth, water spinach, green garlic, onions, wild rice, tomatoes, potatoes, strawberries, beans, grapes, cocoa, tea, oranges, tomatoes, potatoes, plums, all kinds of bamboo shoots and so on. Low-calcium and low-oxalate diets are recommended. Eat less milk and dairy products, soy products, meat, animal offal (such as liver, heart, kidney, intestines, etc.), as well as chocolate, strong tea, sesame paste, egg yolks, shiitake mushrooms, spinach, shrimp, radish, cocoa, celery and so on. In recent years, it has been found that fiber in food can reduce the formation of urinary calcium, such as bran food in the bran bread, rice bran has the same effect, effective for recurrent high-calcium urinary stones, vitamin B1, vitamin B6 deficiency makes urine oxalic acid increase, should increase the food rich in such vitamins, such as cereals, dried fruits, hard fruits and so on. Oral folic acid 5 mg, pyridoxine 10 mg can prevent the conversion of glycine to oxalic acid. Patients suffering from such stones should drink plenty of water. Phosphate stones, due to the formation of alkaline urine, so you should consume more acidic foods, while limiting foods high in calcium. Into acidic foods such as livestock and poultry meat, fish and shrimp, eggs, cereals peanuts. It is advisable to eat less meat, fish and bone broth. Urate stones, is caused by hyperuricemia, so it should be prohibited to eat foods containing high purine, animal offal, seafood, peanuts, beans, spinach, thick broth, mushrooms, peas, longbeard, sardines, anchovies, roe and so on. You should eat more vegetables and fruits and drink more water to lower uric acid concentration. Protein intake should be limited, and the total daily protein intake should be between 48-80 grams (0,8-1,0 g/kg/day). General vegetables with leaves contain about 10 grams of protein per city pound, lean meats contain about 10 grams of protein per 50 grams, and cereals contain 35-60 grams of protein per city pound. To increase the amount of fresh vegetables and fruits. Vegetables and fruits contain vitamin B1 and vitamin C, their final metabolite in the body is alkaline, uric acid in alkaline urine is easy to dissolve, so it is conducive to treatment. Conventional treatment, every 1-2 days with a cool diet (raw fruit, fruit juices and lettuce), at least once a week cool diet. Avoid eating meat, animal offal, broths, gravies, sardines, crabs, spinach, strong tea, coffee, and strong spices and condiments. Calcium salt stones, it is advisable to limit the calcium-containing milk, cheese, shrimp, etc.. Eat more acidic food, such as meat, poultry and eggs, so that the urine is acidic and drink a lot of water. Cystine stone, pay attention to limit methionine and acidic food (animal food) eat more alkaline food (plant food) to make the urine alkaline and drink a lot of water. Eat more black fungus black fungus is rich in a variety of minerals and trace elements, can produce a strong chemical reaction to a variety of stones, so that the stone stripping, differentiation, dissolution, discharged from the body. Can calcium supplement cause urinary tract stones? The causes of urinary tract stones are complex. In the past, many people believe that eating more calcium-rich foods or taking calcium supplements will cause urinary tract stones. In fact, calcium supplements not only do not form urinary stones, but may also reduce the chance of developing urinary stones. Stones are mainly divided into two kinds of calcium oxalate stones and calcium phosphate stones. Most of the urinary tract stones are calcium oxalate deposits in the urine, which are mainly related to excessive intake of oxalic acid and have nothing to do with eating calcium-rich foods. In recent years, it has been found that the intake of calcium-rich foods can combine with oxalic acid in the intestinal food waste to generate insoluble calcium oxalate, which can be excreted, thus avoiding the formation of urinary tract stones. The incidence of urinary stones in people who consume less than 600 milligrams of calcium per day is twice as high as those who consume more than 1,000 milligrams of calcium per day. This is because a low calcium intake promotes the absorption of oxalate in the intestines and the loss of calcium from the bone, which in turn is more likely to lead to the occurrence of urinary tract stones. Experts suggest that patients with calcium oxalate stones should maintain a daily calcium intake of about 1,000 milligrams, which will not only prevent the formation of new stones, but also help to reduce the recurrence of the original disease. Therefore, the way to prevent urinary stones is that you should reduce the intake of oxalic acid foods rather than restricting calcium intake. Common foods that contain a lot of oxalic acid include, spinach, beans, beets, celery, lozenges, chocolate, grapes, peppers, cilantro, strawberries and vegetables from the collard family. These foods should be eaten sparingly or blanched in boiling water before eating to reduce the oxalic acid content. Treatment of Urinary Tract Stones Simple Effective Formula Urinary tract stones belong to the category of “stone shower, sand shower” in Chinese medicine. When the urinary tract stone is small, Chinese medicine treatment can often receive better results, can avoid the pain of surgery. Now we introduce a homemade simple prescription for the treatment of urinary tract stones DDD “walnut + chicken gold”. This formula for kidney stones, ureteral stones have better results. Method of preparation, take 250g of raw chicken gold (or 50g of dry products), wash, dry, powder; walnut 500g, crushed. Mixed with 500ml of honey, mix well, into the porcelain container standby. Each time to take two tablespoons of the above formula (about 30g), warm boiled water, 1 time in the morning and 1 time in the evening. The patient should drink more water at the same time to maintain the urine output at 2~3L/day, and appropriate oral diuretic drugs can be taken if necessary. If accompanied by urinary tract infection, antibiotics can be added. After each dose of medicine, patients can do moderate jumping exercise or up and down the stairs, or pat the waist to facilitate the discharge of stones. Take 2 weeks for 1 course of treatment, can be used for 2 to 3 courses of treatment, each course of treatment interval of 1 week. Characteristics of therapeutic effect, this formula is suitable for, 1, the stone is small (diameter less than 0, 8cm), and the shape is regular, the surface is smooth; 2, there is no obvious deformity of the urinary tract, stenosis and infection; 3, kidney function is still good. Explanation, the walnut in the formula is warm, sweet flavor, into the kidney, lung, with the effect of tonifying the kidney and fixing the essence, moistening the lungs and stopping cough. Materia Medica Nama” in the “stone shower with walnut meat porridge more food very effective” records. Modern pharmacological research shows that walnut kernel contains pyruvic acid can promote the dissolution of urinary tract stones and bile duct stones, subside and excretion. Therefore, walnut is the main drug in the formula of stone removal. Chicken Neijin is flat in nature, sweet in taste, belonging to the spleen, stomach, small intestine, bladder meridian, long for strengthening the spleen, eliminating accumulation, lymphatic drainage and stone. It is clinically proven that it is better to use it in raw form, but after frying, it is stronger in strengthening the spleen and eliminating stagnation. Honey is sweet and flat in nature, mainly has the effect of “clearing heat, detoxifying, moistening dryness and relieving pain”, which can play an auxiliary therapeutic role in the formula. The combination of the three flavors has the effect of resolving and eliminating stones, promoting stone discharge, eliminating inflammation of the urinary tract, and relieving renal colic have a good effect. The Chinese medicine money grass and sea gold sand bubble water to take, is conducive to the discharge of small stones in the body. Urinary tract stone patients how to do a good job of dietary care? 1, urinary tract stone patients should not eat more sugar; urinary tract stone patients eat too much sugar will promote further formation of urinary stones. Practice has proved that after serving sugar, the concentration of calcium ions in the urine, oxalic acid and the acidity of urine will increase. Calcium and oxalic acid can promote the formation of stones, all three at the same time increase more likely to form stones. Because the increase in urine acidity can make calcium urate and calcium oxalate easy to precipitate, prompting the formation of stones. Therefore, patients with kidney, ureter and bladder stones should not eat more sugar. 2, urinary tract stone patients avoid eating spinach; urinary tract stone patients urinary calcium oxalate itself has been in a state of oversaturation, if the food, it may aggravate the condition. If the urinary tract stone patients, through surgery has been removed from the stone, avoid eating spinach can prevent recurrence. 3, kidney stone patients should not drink milk before going to bed; drink milk in the evening for kidney stone patients or cured people, people in the sleep, urine volume decreased, urine in a variety of tangible substances increased, can make the urine thicker. Milk contains more calcium, and most of the kidney stones contain calcium salts. The most dangerous factor for stone formation is the sudden increase of calcium concentration in the urine for a short period of time. Drinking milk after 2 to 3 hours, it is calcium through the kidneys to eliminate the peak, so when is in a state of sleep, urine concentration, calcium through the kidneys more, so easy to form stones. Therefore, kidney stone patients should not drink milk before going to bed. In order to avoid this Yu, can be in the evening before going to bed 4 hours before drinking. 4, calcium, calcium intake increased, urinary excretion of calcium increased, high calcium urine increased the risk of stone formation. Dietary intake of calcium can be combined with oxalic acid eaten at the same time into calcium oxalate, excreted from the feces, which in turn reduces the amount of oxalic acid that may be absorbed, therefore, does not increase the risk of kidney stones. However, calcium supplements taken outside of the diet will not have this effect. For people with a history of kidney stones calcium supplements should be especially careful. 5, people suffering from urinary tract stones should pay attention to more water and more exercise, drinking water, exercise at the same time whacking the urinary tract on the discharge of stones when the benefits. Why do people with urinary tract stones need to supplement calcium? The first is that calcium supplementation can combine with oxalic acid contained in vegetables in the gastrointestinal tract to form insoluble calcium oxalate, which is excreted with the feces, reducing some of the oxalic acid that is absorbed by the stomach and intestines and excreted through the kidneys, thus reducing the chances of forming kidney stones. The second is the “acid-base balance theory” proposed by Japanese scholars. That is, when the blood is acidic, stones are easily formed. When the blood is alkaline, stone formation is inhibited. When calcium deficiency occurs, the blood is acidic, and with reasonable calcium supplementation, the blood is alkaline, which is conducive to inhibiting the formation of stones.