Congenital heart disease can generally be divided into two major categories: cyanotic and non-cyanotic congenital heart disease. Cyanotic congenital heart disease includes: Tetralogy of Fallot, Tetralogy of Fallot, complete transposition of the great arteries, complete ectopic drainage of the pulmonary veins, complete endocardial cushion defect, tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia, single ventricle, double outlet of the right ventricle, common arterial trunk, and interrupted aortic arch. Severely ill infants usually present at birth or shortly after birth with facial or even generalized cyanosis, wheezing, shortness of breath, depression, refusal to feed, low response, and recurrent heart failure, and usually have difficulty surviving past one year of age without timely treatment. In milder cases, cyanosis may not be obvious, but it appears around 6 months after birth and gradually worsens, often in the lips, nail beds of the fingers/toes, earlobes and nasal tips, and gradually the ends of the fingers/toes become enlarged (i.e. “pestle-like fingers/toes”). Difficulty in breathing may occur during feeding or crying, and in severe cases, sudden fainting and convulsions may occur. Older children may complain of headache and dizziness, and often crouch down to rest for a moment when walking or playing. Zou Long, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Baotou Central Hospital Non-cyanotic preconditioning includes: atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, main pulmonary septal defect, simple pulmonary stenosis, supra/subvalvular aortic stenosis, mitral valve closure insufficiency, tricuspid valve closure insufficiency, partial pulmonary vein ectopic drainage, etc. In milder cases, there may be no obvious discomfort and only a heart murmur is found during physical examination; in severe cases, feeding difficulties, vomiting, malnutrition, fatigue, shortness of breath, and cyanosis may appear when crying are common in infancy and early childhood; low immunity, cough, recurrent colds and pneumonia, and easily combined with heart failure; as the disease progresses, cyanosis may appear when pulmonary artery pressure gradually increases. Any child with the above symptoms should be alerted to the possibility of congenital heart disease and should go to the hospital for examination, including electrocardiogram, x-ray chest X-ray and echocardiogram, and the diagnosis of the simpler congenital heart disease can be made clearly by the above examination. If the diagnosis cannot be made clearly, further examinations such as cardiovascular angiography, cardiac catheterization and computed tomography scan should be done in a cardiovascular specialist hospital.