In 2010, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) published the European Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) (“ESC 2010 Guidelines”), followed by the joint American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF)/American Heart Association (AHA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) update of the U.S. Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation (hereafter referred to as the ACCF 2011 Guidelines). The two guidelines contain recommendations for anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. A new scoring system, the CHA2DS2VASC score, is proposed The ESC 2010 AF guidelines propose a new scoring system, the CHA2DS2VASC score, for stroke risk assessment in patients with atrial fibrillation. The CHADS2 score was changed from 1 to 2 points for age ≥75 years, and three additional risk factors were added: vascular disease, age 65-74 years, and female, with a maximum score of 9 points. The ESC 2010 guideline divides the risk factors for AF into major risk factors (history of stroke or transient ischemic attack and age ≥75 years) and clinically relevant non-major risk factors (heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and risk factors considered unclear by previous guidelines including female, age 65-74 years, and vascular disease, i.e., myocardial infarction, complex aortic plaque, and peripheral arterial disease). disease, etc.). It is recommended that antithrombotic treatment strategies be selected directly on the basis of risk factors, with the presence of one major risk factor or two or more clinically relevant nonmajor risk factors, i.e., a CHA2DS2VASC score of ≥2 requiring oral anticoagulation (OAC); the presence of one clinically relevant nonmajor risk factor, i.e., a CHA2DS2VASC score of 1, with either OAC or aspirin, but OAC is preferred; those without risk factors, i.e., CHA2DS2VASC score of 0, may take aspirin or no antithrombotic therapy, with no antithrombotic therapy preferred. The CHA2DS2VASC score is based on European data, and there are differences in stroke types between Asian and European people. It is unclear whether the CHA2DS2VASC score can be applied to the clinical practice of atrial fibrillation diagnosis and treatment in China. Considering the current medical situation in China, the CHA2DS2VASC score can only be used as a reference for stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation. The HAS-BLED bleeding risk score was introduced for the first time in the ESC 2010 guidelines. The HAS-BLED bleeding risk score is a comprehensive evaluation of the risk of bleeding in patients with AF using indicators such as hypertension, liver and kidney impairment, stroke, bleeding history, INR fluctuations, age >65 years, and drug or alcohol use. “. Patients at high risk of bleeding should be treated with caution regardless of whether they receive warfarin or aspirin and should be reviewed intensively after starting antithrombotic therapy. There are no studies on whether the HAS-BLED score can be extended to countries outside Europe and especially whether it can be applied in China. There is a lack of simple and validated bleeding risk assessment methods in China, and the HAS-BLED score has some relevance. Anticoagulation intensity in elderly patients is 2.0~3.0 ESC 2010 guidelines recommend that the target target for anticoagulation with warfarin is an international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0~3.0, and anticoagulation intensity in elderly people is also 2.0~3.0, and INR is not recommended