Thyroid pathology is a general term, not a single disease. The main common thyroid disorders are hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, goiter, thyroiditis, and thyroid tumors. Hyperthyroidism is mainly caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones; hypothyroidism occurs when too little thyroid hormones are secreted. This type of disease is mainly caused by the presence of thyroid hormones. An increase in hormone production is called hyperthyroidism and a decrease in hormone production is called hypothyroidism. When the thyroid gland develops tumor-like or nodular changes, there are also lesions such as thyroid nodules, thyroid adenomas, and even thyroid cancer in some cases. This type of disease is mainly due to the growth of benign or malignant lumps in the thyroid tissue. The lack of iodine in the diet and the increased demand for iodine in some cases, such as during development and lactation, may stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid stimulating hormones, causing compensatory enlargement of the thyroid gland, which may lead to simple goiter, which is normal. All of the above are lesions of the thyroid gland. Patients should first get a doctor to confirm which disease they are suffering from and then treat the symptoms.