How are pelvic floor dysfunctional disorders treated?

  Pelvic floor dysfunctional disorders are caused by degeneration, trauma, and other factors that lead to weak pelvic floor support, resulting in displacement of female reproductive organs and their adjacent organs, clinically manifested as uterine prolapse, anterior and posterior vaginal wall bulge, and stress urinary incontinence.  The maintenance of the normal position of the female pelvic floor organs depends on the dynamic interaction of the pelvic floor muscles and the connective tissue of the pelvic floor. The most important pelvic floor muscle group is the levator ani, and the supporting connective tissues of the pelvic floor include the internal pelvic fascia, pelvic ligaments and perineal diaphragm.  Clinically, we divide the fascias and ligaments supporting the vagina into three levels: level I: upper support structures (main ligament-uterine sacral ligament complex), level II: collateral support structures (anal levator muscle group and bladder and rectovaginal fascia), and level III: distal support structures (perineal body and sphincter). These ligaments and fascia suspend the pelvic organs from the pelvic wall, and laxity of any of these ligaments will cause muscle strength to fail, leading to organ switch dysfunction and organ prolapse.  Pelvic floor defects include the following: uterine prolapse, stress urinary incontinence, anterior vaginal wall bulge, posterior vaginal wall bulge, and vaginal vault bulge. Different repair procedures are used depending on the location of the defect.  Anterior vaginal wall bulge: 1. anterior vaginal wall repair; 2. anterior vaginal wall suspension with autologous mucosal flap; 3. anterior vaginal wall repair with mesh (synthetic mesh or biological patch); 4. stress urinary incontinence with vaginal tension-free mid-urethral suspension belt.  Posterior vaginal wall bulge: 1. posterior vaginal wall repair; 2. posterior vaginal wall suspension with autologous mucosal flap; 3. posterior vaginal wall repair with additional mesh (synthetic mesh/biopatch) and perineal repair in cases of severe symptoms with old perineal laceration.  Uterine prolapse: 1. Mann surgery; 2. Total transvaginal hysterectomy and anterior and posterior vaginal wall repair; 3. Current views: addition of apical vaginal support reconstruction – vaginal sacral suspension; sacrospinous ligament fixation; posterior transvaginal suspension; 4. Vaginal closure; 5. Pelvic floor reconstruction surgery (transvaginal, laparoscopic and open). Anterior sacral fixation; pelvic floor reconstructive surgery with the addition of mesh.