I. Disease Overview 1. Cryptorchidism: congenital absence of testicles in the scrotum, which includes testicular descent incompleteness, testicular ectopic and testicular agenesis. Incomplete descent of testis: it means that the testis does not descend to the bottom of the scrotum after birth and stays in a certain part on the way of descending, including those who stay in the abdominal cavity. Clinically, incomplete testicular descent is often called cryptorchidism; 3. Testicular ectopic: the testicle leaves the normal descending pathway and reaches the perineum, femur, suprapubic area, or even the opposite side of the scrotum; 4. Testicular agenesis: it refers to the absence of testicles on one side or both sides, which accounts for about 3-5% of cryptorchid testicular patients. In newborns, about 4-10% of male infants are born with testicles not completely descended into the scrotum, and continue to descend after birth, and the incidence of cryptorchidism is only 1-2% at the age of 1 year. Clinical manifestations Cryptorchidism is often due to scrotal emptiness, no testicles to the doctor. There are also patients who come to the doctor with the main complaint of “hernia”, and the diagnosis is generally not difficult. One or both scrotums are empty, no testicles are touched in the scrotum, and solid, movable testicles or hiatal hernia may be touched in the inguinal area. If the cryptorchid testis has been malignant, a mass in the abdomen or inguinal area may be touched sometimes. For cryptorchid testis located in the inguinal region, most of the testicles can be touched on physical examination, and scrotal ultrasonography can further define the location and size of the testicles. Surgery The age of testicular fixation is getting earlier and earlier. At present, it is believed that unilateral cryptorchidism is better to be operated after 10 months, and bilateral cryptorchidism should be operated after 6 months. At present, preoperative hormone therapy is not advocated, and it is used with caution in children under 3 years old. High cryptorchidism in the abdominal cavity can be treated by laparoscopy, and relatively low cryptorchidism in the inguinal area can be treated by a single incision in the scrotum. Despite the high technical requirements for the surgeon, the advantages of small trauma, beautiful, satisfactory results, and inconspicuous cuts in the distant future are still the ultimate goal we are pursuing, and it has been carried out for many years, and it is worthwhile to be glad that it has benefited the babies a lot! Fifth, the harm of delayed treatment 1, testicular atrophy: the scrotum has the ability to regulate its own temperature, so that the temperature in the scrotum is lower than the abdominal cavity 1.5 ~ 2.5 ℃, in order to maintain the development of testicles and sperm formation. Testicular failure to descend to the scrotum will cause testicular hypoplasia or atrophy; 2, malignant changes: cryptorchid testis patients with malignant changes in the normal scrotal testis is 20 to 48 times greater than the risk of malignant changes; and the risk of malignant changes in the abdominal testis is 5 times greater than the inguinal testis. Testicular congenital defects, as well as testicles in an abnormal position, the surrounding temperature is higher is cryptorchid testis malignant changes; 3, easy to lead to trauma: located in the inguinal testicles, when the abdominal muscle contraction of the inguinal canal is also contracted, which is the testicle that is subjected to extrusion. The testicles in the abdominal cavity are also often squeezed by the change of abdominal pressure. In addition, due to the shallow position, it is easy to cause trauma; 4. Testicular torsion: the testis of cryptorchid testis may have abnormal testicular guiding band, abnormal attachment of the levator muscle or abnormal attachment of testicular sheath, forming “bell-pendant-like changes”, thus it is easy to occur testicular torsion or even lead to testicular necrosis, resulting in lifelong regrets; 5. Other: about 65% of cryptorchid testis patients are combined with hiatal hernia, in which the contents of hernia are dislodged from the testis and the testis is forced into the abdominal cavity, and the testis is then squeezed. About 65% of patients with cryptorchidism are combined with hiatal hernia, the hernia contents will not only easily cause intestinal necrosis, but also press the testicle and spermatic cord blood vessels to cause testicular necrosis, which will lead to unimaginable consequences. Empty scrotum can also cause low self-esteem, mental anguish, withdrawn.