Low back pain, which accounts for more than 60% of orthopedic outpatient visits, is an extremely common clinical condition. Chronic low back pain in particular is a distraction for patients and a headache for doctors. Many patients visit different doctors in many hospitals, but they seem to have the same feeling of “the root of the disease is not clear, the treatment plan is vague, and the effect is unsatisfactory”. Pain is a “subjective” sensation produced by a person’s nerve receptors stimulated by a pain-causing source. Theoretically speaking, any part of the lumbar spine with nerve distribution may cause lumbar pain. The lumbar spine is a triple-joint structure that performs complex interlocking three-dimensional activities while supporting the body through motion, so degeneration of one structure will inevitably affect other structures. The key to diagnosing and treating chronic low back pain is to identify the source of pain. However, a single pain-causing cause is rarely seen, but rather the result of multiple pain-causing factors acting together. Therefore, a holistic analysis and management is required. The current one-sided focus on the treatment of one pain-causing source is the reason for the poor outcome of current low back pain treatment. Causes of low back pain include injury-receptive pain and neuropathic pain. Imaging examination can identify disc degeneration, rupture of the fibrous ring, endplate changes, etc. It can exclude nerve injury, infection and tumor, and is screening. Thus, it is difficult to identify the source of pain through history, physical examination and imaging examination in outpatient clinics. However, the current interventional diagnostic methods, such as dorsal medial branch closure, sacroiliac joint closure, selective nerve root closure, trigger point closure, discography and small arthrography, can identify part of the source of pain. The treatment for the definite pain-causing source greatly improves the clinical efficacy.