VI. Follow-up (I) Follow-up of pelvic floor muscle robll training (PFMT) 1. Time within 2-6 months after training [1]. 2, content and indicators mainly follow up the efficacy of PFMT after treatment, including subjective evaluation and objective evidence. Subjective self-evaluation: the use of internationally accepted questionnaires such as the ICIQ [5] is recommended to assess the number and amount of incontinence; the impact on quality of life. Objective evidence: urinary diaries [2] and pad tests [3] are highly recommended; optional urodynamic tests or pelvic floor muscle contraction strength tests [3,4]. 3. The efficacy is determined as complete dryness as a cure; reduction of incontinence as improvement; and both together as effective. Urinary incontinence is not reduced or even aggravated as ineffective. (B) Follow-up of drug therapy 1, the time is mostly 3-6 months [5,6]. 2, Content and indicators (1) Subjective efficacy: self-evaluation using questionnaires, indicators include the number and amount of incontinence and quality of life scores [5]. (2) Objective efficacy: voiding diary, pad test, and optional urodynamic tests are highly recommended [8]. (3) Adverse effects: side effects such as increased blood pressure, headache, sleep disturbances, tremor and palpitations when alpha agonists are common [7], cold extremities and standing hair [8]; estrogen has the potential to increase the risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer and cardiovascular disorders; Duloxetine has side effects such as nausea [5]. (C) Follow-up of surgical treatment 1. time It is recommended to have at least one follow-up visit within 6 weeks after surgery, mainly to understand the recent complications [9]. after 6 weeks, mainly to understand the distant complications and surgical efficacy. 2. content and indicators surgical efficacy evaluation and follow-up ① subjective indicators: i.e. patient’s self-evaluation using questionnaires, indicators include number and volume of incontinence and quality of life scores [5]; ② objective indicators: voiding diary and pad test are highly recommended; optional urodynamics, especially non-invasive tests such as urine flow rate and ultrasound to determine remaining urine volume; ③ complication follow-up: in the postoperative follow-up of stress urinary incontinence Immediate and long-term complications must be observed and documented. Recent postoperative complications of stress incontinence commonly include bleeding, hematoma formation, infection, vesicourethral injury, urogenital fistula, nerve injury, and voiding disorders. Long-term complications include new-onset urinary urgency, secondary urogenital prolapse, suprapubic pain, painful intercourse, recurrence of incontinence, chronic urinary retention and erosion of the sling [9]. VII. Prevention (-) Popular education Stress urinary incontinence is a high incidence among women, and the first step should be to raise public awareness, increase knowledge and understanding of the disease, detect it early, treat it early, and minimize its impact on patients’ quality of life. Medical professionals, for their part, should further raise awareness of the disease, widely publicize it and improve diagnosis and treatment. For patients with stress urinary incontinence, attention should also be paid to psychological counseling, explaining to patients and their families the onset of the disease and its main hazards, and relieving their psychological pressure. (B) avoid risk factors According to the common risk factors of urinary incontinence, take appropriate preventive measures. For those with a family history of urinary incontinence, obesity, smoking, high-intensity physical exercise, and a history of multiple births, the possible correlation between lifestyle habits and the occurrence of urinary incontinence should be evaluated and exposure to susceptible factors should be reduced accordingly. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in the postpartum period and during pregnancy [1-5]. SIGNIFICANCE: Pelvic floor muscle training in the postpartum period and during pregnancy is effective in reducing the incidence and severity of stress urinary incontinence. Timing: from 20 weeks of gestation to 6 months postpartum. Method: Perform greater than or equal to 28 pelvic floor contractions per day, preferably under the supervision of a physician. Each time includes 2-6 seconds of contraction/2-6 seconds of diastole x 10-15 times. (C) elective cesarean delivery Elective cesarean delivery can be used as one of the methods to prevent urinary incontinence, which can prevent and reduce the occurrence of stress urinary incontinence to some extent. However, many social, psychological and economic factors should also be taken into account when elective cesarean delivery is performed. Appendix I Commonly used auxiliary examination methods for stress urinary incontinence 1, ICS 1 hour urine pad test Method: ① patient does not urinate; ② place the collection device that has been weighed and the test begins; ③ drink 500 ml of sodium-free liquid within 15 min and then sit or lie down; ④ walk for half an hour, including going up and down a flight of stairs; ⑤ stand up and sit down 10 times; ⑥ cough vigorously 10 times; ⑦ run in place for 1 minute; ⑧ bend over Pick up small objects 5 times; ⑨ wash hands in running water for 1 minute; ⑩ remove the collection device at the end of 1 hour and weigh it. 2. Judgment of the results: ① positive for urine pad weight gain >1g; ② attention to the presence of weighing errors, sweating and vaginal secretions when the urine pad weight gain >2g; ③ urine pad weight gain.