Low back and leg pain is one of the common reasons for hospital visits among middle-aged and elderly people. With age, degenerative changes occur in the bones, leading to osteoporosis or osteoporosis, which is the most common cause of low back and leg pain in middle-aged and elderly people. Because of this, when back and leg pain occurs, on the one hand, middle-aged and old people often do not pay enough attention to it, and often take some pain-relieving and calcium-supplementing medicines and delay medical treatment; on the other hand, when doctors receive the patients, it is easy to neglect the in-depth investigation of the rare causes of induced low back and leg pain, which leads to misdiagnosis and misdirection of the disease. Myeloma is one of the rare causes. Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma (MM), is a malignant disease of plasma cells. This malignant transformation of plasma cells, on the one hand, uncontrolled proliferation, extensive infiltration, on the other hand, the secretion of a single, non-functional immunoglobulin (known as M protein), in the inhibition of normal plasma cell proliferation, secretion of functional immunoglobulin at the same time, leading to extensive bone destruction, blood viscosity, elevated blood calcium and renal impairment and a series of other adverse consequences, and due to the decline in the immune function, prone to recurrent infections. Repeated infections. Myeloma is mostly seen in middle-aged and old people, belonging to middle-aged and old-aged diseases, and male patients are often more than female patients. In China, the peak age of incidence is 45~55 years old, and those younger than 30 years old are extremely rare. The incidence rate in the population is about 0.6~0.9/100,000 population, accounting for about 1% of all malignant tumors and 10% of hematopoietic system malignant tumors. Like other tumors, the etiology of myeloma is still unclear. In general, it is the result of multifactorial participation, multigenic action and multistep transformation, which includes both extrinsic factors, such as long-term exposure to hazardous substances, radiation and viral infection, and intrinsic factors, such as possible mutation of genetic material. The early manifestations of myeloma are various, and often due to the lack of characteristic manifestations, it is easy to cause misdiagnosis or omission of diagnosis. Bone pain is one of the main manifestations of this disease, and the degree of pain varies from intermittent mild pain at the beginning to persistent severe pain with the development of the disease, and the most common bone pain is in the lumbosacral region, followed by the sternal ribs and the long bones of the limbs. If the bone pain increases suddenly, it is necessary to be alert to the possibility of pathological fracture. In addition to bone pain and pathologic fracture, there are also frequent skeletal masses, the most common sites are the sternal ribs, clavicle, skull, nasal bone, lower neck bone and other flat bone system. In addition to the skeletal manifestations, anemia is another common symptom of myeloma, and the majority of patients will have varying degrees of anemia throughout the course of the disease, and some patients first seek medical attention precisely because of the symptoms of anemia. Recurrent infections are also one of the common manifestations, especially pneumonia caused by pneumococcal infections, followed by urinary tract infections, mostly seen in female patients. Viral infections, such as shingles, and peripheral chickenpox, are also commonly seen. Infection is due to the normal immunoglobulin production is reduced, resulting in decreased immunity, pathogenic bacteria to take advantage of the situation. In addition, some patients do not get timely diagnosis and treatment, and kidney function damage occurs, this is due to a kind of material called light chain in the myeloma when excessive generation, its quality is small and by the kidney filtration, excretion and will be reabsorbed, resulting in renal damage, coupled with the destruction of bone caused by the elevation of blood calcium, blood viscous, and will aggravate the damage to the kidneys, so the serious cases of acute renal failure, endangering the lives of the patients. life of the patient. It is due to the fact that the manifestation of myeloma is not characteristic, and the first manifestation can be only unexplained lumbar and leg pain, greed for blood, recurrent lung infections, or even unexplained rapid blood sedimentation, proteinuria, etc., which is found during health checkup, coupled with the insufficient knowledge and vigilance of clinicians to this disease, resulting in the misdiagnosis rate of the disease up to 60% or more, which is often misdiagnosed as lumbar vertebral degenerative changes, lumbar muscle strains, chronic nephritis, nutritional anemia, senile pneumonia, and so on. The disease is often misdiagnosed as lumbar degenerative changes, lumbar muscle strain, chronic nephritis, nutritional anemia, senile pneumonia, etc. and remains untreated. Therefore, when middle-aged and old people have the above mentioned manifestations for unknown reasons, they need to consider the possibility of this disease and should go to the hospital as soon as possible for necessary examinations, such as blood biochemistry, immunoglobulin measurement, bone marrow puncture and bone imaging examination, etc., in order to make a clear diagnosis as early as possible and treat it as early as possible. Once diagnosed with myeloma, patients should maintain optimistic mood, establish confidence in overcoming the disease, actively cooperate with doctors to formulate a systematic treatment plan and strictly follow the plan as much as possible. Family members of the patients should take good care of the patients’ diet, assist doctors to do a good job in patients’ ideological work, and improve the quality of life of the patients. In the early stage of the disease, patients are encouraged to carry out appropriate regular activities, but need to avoid injury, prevent colds, and maintain personal hygiene such as oral cavity. When bone pain restricts activities, analgesic medication can be given, and local radiotherapy can also be used for pain relief if necessary. For patients who have already suffered from pathological fracture of lumbar vertebrae, they should stay in bed to limit their activities and sleep on hard wooden beds with soft cushions to prevent spinal flexion from aggravating the fracture and damaging the spinal cord. For those with heavy anemia, blood transfusion can be used to improve the general condition of the patients. For those with lung infection, effective antibiotics should be used as early as possible to control the infection. Chemotherapy is the main treatment for this disease, and the clinical application of new chemotherapeutic drugs and the improvement of the method of using drugs have made the efficacy of this disease continuously improved. Including single-drug treatment and a variety of drugs combined chemotherapy, although clinical remission can be achieved, but chemotherapy is difficult to achieve the goal of eradication. In recent years, with the clinical application of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Vanco), the immunomodulator thalidomide (Response Stop) and thalidomide, the efficacy, progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with myeloma have been significantly improved, bringing hope for the long-term survival of myeloma patients. Further prolongation of remission can be obtained with sequential application of biological response modifiers such as thalidomide, thalidomide and interferon on top of chemotherapy, as well as maintenance therapy with Vanco. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (commonly known as bone marrow transplantation) is an effective method that has the potential to cure the disease until now, including allogeneic (homozygous and heterozygous) and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The former has higher requirements (e.g., age less than 55 years old, availability of a matched donor, etc.) and is more risky but has the possibility of a cure, and the latter has less risky but has a higher rate of recurrence after transplantation and has limited therapeutic efficacy. There are already many new drugs for different targets in clinical trials, and preliminary results have shown exciting efficacy. It is believed that with the continuous development and advancement of medical science and technology, mankind will eventually defeat myeloma and give patients a bright tomorrow.