It has been reported that about 1/5 of cancer patients have neuropathic pain, and the more typical ones include pain after radiotherapy or pain due to peripheral neuropathy after chemotherapy, pain after nerve compression, and also pain occurring in combination with herpes zoster, complex regional syndrome, etc. Among patients with cancer pain with sudden onset of pain, about 1/4 of them have neuropathic pain. The definition of neuropathic pain by the International Academy of Pain Studies (IASP) in 1994 is “pain that begins with or originates from injury or malfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system.” In 2001, the definition was simplified to “pain caused by injury or disease invading the central nervous system or somatic sensory system. In 2001, the definition was simplified to “pain caused by injury or disease to the central nervous system or sensory system”. Neuropathic pain is one of the pathophysiological subtypes of cancer pain. There are many causes of neuropathic pain, including physical mechanical injury, metabolic or nutritional neurological changes, viral infection, neurotoxicity of drugs or radiotherapy, ischemic nerve damage, neurotransmitter dysfunction and some non-viral diseases. III. Diagnosis There are no uniform diagnostic criteria for neuropathic pain. Collectively, the main ones are: ① a clear history of nerve injury and pathological changes; ② the nature of pain manifests as burning pain, electric shock-like pain, stabbing pain, radiating pain, etc., and there may be spontaneous pain, pain hypersensitivity or abnormal sensation; pain hypersensitivity and abnormal sensation (pain) are important symptoms to support the diagnosis, the former refers to mild injurious stimuli leading to severe pain, also known as pain overreaction, and the latter refers to otherwise comfortable stimuli such as gentle touch or warm water stimulation also lead to pain. ③ Functional deficits are manifested as sensory or motor deficits after nerve injury, and all pain occurs within the innervation area of the damaged nerve or conduction pathway, and autonomic symptoms may also occur. ④ Only partially sensitive to conventional analgesic treatment, while anticonvulsant and antidepressant medications have better efficacy. IV. Treatment Due to the complex etiology, there is uncertainty in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The first-line treatment drugs are antidepressants (tricyclics and SSNRIs), anticonvulsants (gabapentin and pregabalin), and peripheral nerve injury can be treated with topical 5% lidocaine patches or lidocaine and proparacaine patches. Second-line medications include opioids (tramadol, morphine, oxycodone). Third-line drugs include topical capsaicin, excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists, the antiarrhythmic drug mexiletine, other anticonvulsants, and other antidepressants. Single medications are sometimes clinically ineffective, and combinations are often considered or treated with minimally invasive approaches.