Enterocolitis is a small intestinal infection and colitis caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The main clinical manifestations are abdominal pain, diarrhea, dilute watery stools or mucus-purulent blood stools. Some patients may have fever and a feeling of urgency, so it is also called infectious diarrhea.
How is enteritis caused?
The cause of enteritis is generally divided into viral enteritis, bacterial enteritis, fungal enteritis, parasitic enteritis and other types.
1. Viral enteritis
Viral enteritis is seen in enteritis caused by canine distemper virus, canine microvirus, canine and feline coronavirus, etc.
Among viral enteritis, rotavirus is the main cause of diarrhea in infants and young children, while norovirus is the main cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis in adults and older children.
2, Bacterial enteritis
Bacterial enteritis is seen in enteritis caused by Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia (causing small intestinal colitis), hair-like bacteriophage producing bacteria, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium (canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis), etc.
Bacterial enteritis of the causative agent to dysentery bacilli most common, followed by Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella.
3, fungal enteritis
Fungal enteritis see histoplasma, algae, Aspergillus, Candida albicans and other causes of enteritis. Fungal enteritis caused by Candida albicans is the most.
4, parasitic enteritis
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The parasitic enteritis is more common with amoeba in the lysis tissue.
5.Enteritis caused by diet
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6.Enteritis caused by antibiotics
The abuse of antibiotics, resulting in dysbiosis of the intestinal flora, or the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria caused by enteritis.
What are the clinical manifestations of enteritis?
The above is an introduction to the causes of enteritis, in fact, enteritis is divided into two categories: acute and chronic, according to the length of the disease.
Acute enteritis and chronic enteritis have the following clinical manifestations, respectively.
1, acute enteritis
In China, the incidence is higher in the summer and autumn, there is no gender difference, and the general incubation period is 12 to 36 hours. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are the main symptoms of acute enteritis.
2, chronic enteritis
Clinical manifestations are long-term chronic, or recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea and dyspepsia and other symptoms.
The degree of diarrhea varies, the lighter 3 to 4 bowel movements per day, or alternating diarrhea and constipation; the heavier once every 1 to 2 hours, and even fecal incontinence.
Some patients may have nocturnal diarrhea and/or postprandial diarrhea. If the rectum is severely involved, there may be a feeling of urgency and heaviness. The stool is mostly pasty, mixed with large amounts of mucus, and often with pus and blood.
Some patients have fresh blood in the stool, and their lesions are limited to the rectum, which is called hemorrhagic proctitis. Patients with proctitis also often pass mucus and blood stools, and even develop fecal incontinence. If the lesion extends above the rectum, blood is often mixed with feces or bloody diarrhea occurs. The examination reveals mild pressure pain around the umbilicus or lower abdomen, hyperactive bowel sounds, and prolapse.
How to treat enteritis?
1, pathogenic treatment
(1) Viral enteritis generally does not require pathogenic treatment and can be self-healing.
(2) bacterial enteritis, it is best to choose antibacterial drugs according to the results of bacterial drug sensitivity tests. In the case of bacterial dysentery, because Bacillus dysenteriae is widely resistant to commonly used antibacterial drugs, compound sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole), pyrimethamine, gentamicin, butamycin, etc. can generally be used.
(3) Campylobacter jejuni enteritis can be treated with erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, etc. Yersinia enterocolitica enteritis is generally applied to gentamicin, kanamycin, compound sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, etc.
(4) Salmonella enteritis light patients can be used without antibacterial drugs, heavy patients can be used chloramphenicol or compound sulfamethoxazole.
(5) Invasive Escherichia coli enteritis can be treated with neomycin, mucomycin and gentamicin, etc., and good results can be obtained.
(6) Enteritis caused by amoebic dysentery, Yarrowia and Trichuris, can be treated with metronidazole (methotrexate). Schistosomiasis can be treated with praziquantel. Candida albicans enteritis is better treated with mycophenolate orally. With systemic fungal infection, it is necessary to apply diphtheria B treatment.
2.Symptomatic treatment
(1) Replenish fluids and correct electrolytes and acidosis. For mild dehydration and vomiting, oral rehydration fluid can be given. The WHO recommended oral fluid formula is sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, glucose or sucrose, plus water. For those who are dehydrated or vomiting heavily, saline, isotonic sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride solutions, and glucose can be administered intravenously.
(2) Reduce intestinal motility and secretory drugs. Small amounts of atropine, belladonna and probenecid can be applied to reduce intestinal peristalsis, which can relieve pain and diarrhea. Thorazine can also be applied, has a sedative effect, and can inhibit the intestinal mucosa caused by intestinal toxins over-secretion, so that the number of stools and stool volume is reduced.
(3) To strengthen the exercise, enhance physical fitness. Do not eat the meat and offal of sick or dead livestock. Meat, poultry, eggs, etc. should be cooked before consumption. Do not eat spoiled food, do not drink raw water, raw fruits and vegetables to be scalded, to develop a good habit of washing hands before and after meals. Strengthen food hygiene management, spoiled and salmonella-contaminated food is not allowed to be sold. Pay careful attention to food production hygiene, to prevent food contamination. Do a good job of water protection, drinking water management and disinfection.