What is the role of breast cancer bone metastases in treatment

Bisphosphonates are stable analogues of pyrophosphate molecules. Bisphosphonates can exert therapeutic effects by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, inhibiting osteoclast maturation, inhibiting the function of mature osteoclasts, and inhibiting the aggregation of osteoclasts at the site of bone resorption; they also inhibit the spread, infiltration, and adhesion of tumor cells to the bone matrix. The main indications for the use of bisphosphonates in the treatment of breast cancer bone metastases are: hypercalcemia, bone pain, treatment and prevention of bone-related events. Bone related events have a critical impact on the quality of life of patients with bone metastases from breast cancer and include pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, radiation therapy to relieve bone pain or to prevent and treat pathologic fractures or spinal cord compression, surgery, changes in anti-cancer regimens to treat bone pain, and hypercalcemia due to malignancy. The current use of bisphosphonates in bone metastases from breast cancer is primarily aimed precisely at reducing the incidence of bone-related events. The development of bisphosphonates has gone through three generations until today, with the first generation of bisphosphonates represented by clodronate and the second generation by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, including disodium pamidronate and alendronate, which inhibit bone resorption. The effect of inhibition of bone resorption is stronger than that of the first generation drugs. The third generation are nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates with heterocyclic structure zoledronic acid and ibandronate without cyclic structure containing nitrogen, which have further improved than the second generation in terms of strength of action and efficacy. The following should be noted when using bisphosphonates: 1. Before using bisphosphonates, patients’ serum electrolyte levels should be tested, focusing on blood creatinine, serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium and other indicators; 2. Clinical studies have shown that all three generations of bisphosphonates, which are useful in the treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer, can be used to treat hypercalcemia, bone pain, prevention and treatment of bone metastasis-related events, but the third generation bisphosphonates zoledronic acid and ibandronate have the advantages of better efficacy, lower toxicity and easier use; 3. The choice of drug therapy should take into account the general condition of the patient and the overall situation of the disease, and the concurrent treatment received; 4. Bisphosphonates can be used in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and analgesics.  5, long-term use of bisphosphonates should pay attention to the daily supplementation of calcium 500mg and vitamin D; 6, in mild to moderate renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance > 30ml/min, patients do not need to adjust the dose, but severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance > 30ml/min, patients, should be adjusted according to the instructions of different products to reduce the dose or extend the infusion time; 7, in view of the literature reports A few patients have the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw after long-term use of bisphosphonates, so attention should be paid to oral examination before using bisphosphonates, pay attention to daily oral cleaning, and avoid oral surgery, including tooth extraction, during the drug administration.  8. The duration of medication should be at least 6 months.