Female bladder outlet obstruction is a syndrome of weak urinary flow despite adequate duration and intensity of forceps pressure, and is a syndrome of obstruction of the bladder outflow tract due to various causes and different mechanisms. Incidence: female bladder outlet obstruction is present in 6.5-9.6% of patients with female urological disorders and in 19.4-25.5% of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Clinical manifestations: difficulty in urination, incomplete urination feeling, thin urine line, urinary urgency, urinary frequency, and increased nocturia. Late stage may manifest as urinary retention, filling incontinence, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency, etc. Etiology and pathology: from the etiology, there are two types of causes of bladder outlet obstruction in women: organic obstruction and functional obstruction. Organic obstruction includes pelvic organ prolapse, post-pelvic urethral surgery, urethral stricture and fibrosis, and occupying lesions of the bladder urethra. These diseases are easily diagnosed by history and cystourethroscopy. Functional obstruction includes external sphincter spasm, dystocia of the forced urinary muscle-sphincter synergy, and primary bladder neck obstruction. Functional obstruction is the inability of the bladder neck and urethra to open effectively in the absence of abnormal anatomic and pathologic factors when the contraction of the detrusor muscle is effective. These patients are predominantly diagnosed clinically and are difficult to diagnose and require expert evaluation by a specialist, otherwise treatment is difficult to achieve. Many urologists lack this knowledge, leading to long-term ineffective treatment. External sphincter spasm is often associated with urinary tract infections. Local factors such as inflammation, pain, and sexual trauma lead to spasm of the pelvic floor muscles, especially the external dilator muscle and inhibition of the forced urinary muscle reflex, resulting in difficulty in urination. Dyskyphus-external sphincter synergism, also known as dysfunctional voiding, is manifested in the same way as neurogenic dyskyphus-external sphincter synergism, which is manifested by simultaneous contraction of the external sphincter during contraction of the detrusor muscle and failure to urinate normally, but without neurological pathology. Cystourethrography suggests opening of the bladder neck during voiding but not normal opening of the mid-urethra. Primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO) in women is a type of female bladder outlet obstruction, but not the most common one. It refers to obstruction of urinary flow caused by failure of the bladder neck to open sufficiently during urination, without anatomical obstruction such as urogenital bulge and obstruction caused by overactivity of the external sphincter (transverse muscle) function. It accounts for 4.6-8.7% of bladder outlet obstruction in women, which is lower than pelvic organ prolapse (24%) and medical origin (2.3-29%) including functional bladder neck obstruction and primary bladder neck dysfunction (PBND) resulting in high pressure-low flow rate, imaging urodynamic manifestations of inadequate bladder neck opening during urination and absence of external sphincter overactivity. Treatment: As seen above, there are many causes of bladder outlet obstruction in women, and proper treatment should be based on an accurate diagnosis. Urodynamic tests are of great value for the etiological diagnosis, but are not necessary in all patients. Currently available options are pharmacological treatment, urethral dilation, and surgical treatment. However, the choice must be made after getting an accurate evaluation by a doctor specializing in female urology.