Transient cerebral ischemia, known as transient ischemic attack, refers to a brief and often recurrent localized cerebral ischemia, or TIA. Its onset is related to atherosclerosis, arterial stenosis, heart disease, blood composition changes and hemodynamic changes, and other factors and pathways, which can cause cerebral blood flow to drop or be interrupted for a short time due to changes in cerebral vascular stenosis, microembolus formation, and blood hypercoagulation. The disease is characterized by limited and transient neurological deficits in the corresponding blood supply areas. The disease is more common in middle-aged and elderly people aged 50-70 years old, with more males than females, and is associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and other cerebrovascular disease risk factors. The onset of the disease is sudden and brief, with a maximum duration of less than 24 hours. Focal cerebral or retinal dysfunction can be fully recovered without sequelae, but recurrent attacks can occur, with each attack having essentially the same manifestations, including episodes of unilateral limb weakness or mild hemiparesis, as well as contralateral facial diplegia and aphasia. The diagnosis of TIA can be made by history, symptoms and signs, and imaging. After the onset of TIA, treatment is required, including control of blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipids. The treatment should also be carried out with antiplatelet aggregation agents, anticoagulants, vasodilators and other drugs. For severe lesions, treatment such as vascular intervention or surgical procedures can also be performed. With active treatment, transient ischemic attacks generally have a good prognosis.