There are four common pathological classifications of thyroid cancer: papillary carcinoma is the most common, follicular carcinoma is the second most common, and the rare ones are medullary carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. The first two types of tumors are collectively known as differentiated thyroid cancer and have a better prognosis. Surgery is the main treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer and medullary carcinoma. For patients with thyroid cancer, postoperative review and further treatment should include: regulation of thyroid function, timely detection and management of tumor recurrence and metastasis, and management of post-surgical complications. After surgical removal of one side or the whole thyroid gland, thyroxine should be routinely supplemented to maintain thyroid function as normal as possible. For differentiated thyroid cancer, long-term thyroxine supplementation can inhibit TSH secretion, reduce the possibility of tumor recurrence and significantly improve the prognosis of patients. Therefore, the TSH level should be closely monitored during the follow-up process, and it is best to maintain it below the normal value, while other indicators are within the normal range. After thyroid cancer surgery, regular review should be performed to detect possible local recurrence or metastasis of the tumor, including metastasis in the neck, upper mediastinal lymph nodes and distant metastasis, such as lung, bone and brain. It is generally recommended to review regularly at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after surgery, and every 6 months after 1 year. The examination methods include routine physical examination, thyroid and neck ultrasound, CT, MRI, isotope examination, chest X-ray, etc. If suspicious nodules are found, cytological or pathological examination is performed if necessary to clarify the nature. For example, in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who have undergone total thyroidectomy, a significant increase in TG (thyroglobulin) indicates the possibility of tumor recurrence; in patients with medullary carcinoma, a significant increase in serum calcitonin level also indicates tumor recurrence or metastasis. If local recurrence or lymph node metastasis in the neck or upper mediastinum is detected, most patients can still achieve radical treatment through reoperation. For differentiated thyroid cancer, if lung metastasis occurs, all residual thyroid glands can be removed and all metastatic lymph nodes can be cleared, and then 131I isotope therapy can be performed, which can also achieve better results. For distant metastases in bone and brain, sometimes the metastases can be removed first and then treated with isotope therapy. If surgical resection is not possible, the treatment is the same as pulmonary metastases. It is especially important to remind that postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy are not recommended for thyroid differentiated carcinoma and medullary carcinoma that can be excised by surgery. Because radiotherapy and chemotherapy cannot bring higher cure rate and control rate, on the contrary, they will bring more side effects and complications. Only for patients who only have a small amount of tumor left after surgery, postoperative radiotherapy can improve the control rate and prognosis. For patients with undifferentiated thyroid cancer, tumor recurrence or metastasis may occur within a short period of time, so the interval of follow-up should be reduced, for example, once every 1 month. Once the tumor is found to recur or metastasize, it indicates a poor prognosis and the tumor tends to grow rapidly. Most patients lose the chance of re-operation and can only be managed symptomatically or controlled by radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The only work that surgery can do may be tracheotomy or tracheostomy to solve the ventilation and gastrostomy to solve the feeding problem. After thyroidectomy and cervical lymph node dissection, some patients may develop surgery-related complications, such as hoarseness and choking on food due to laryngeal recurrent nerve injury, hypocalcemia due to parathyroid gland injury, facial numbness or even convulsions in the extremities, and corresponding dysfunction due to nerve injury in the neck. Patients do not all return to normal when they are discharged from the hospital, and need to be observed and advised during follow-up to assist in the recovery of function. Especially for total thyroidectomy, the parathyroid glands are damaged and some patients develop hypocalcemia, calcium supplementation should be promptly put in place, including oral or intravenous infusion of calcium to try to reach or approach normal blood calcium levels. Blood calcium and parathyroid hormone levels should still be rechecked regularly after discharge and calcium supplementation should be continued. For those with injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and other nerves in the neck, patients should be instructed to perform functional training to restore or compensate for the damaged nerve function as soon as possible.