Indications for surgery: ① secondary epilepsy with a clear epileptogenic focus, if the lesion is not in an important functional area, surgery should be preferred. (3) If seizures significantly affect the patient’s ability to receive education, employment and daily life, especially in infants and children with frequent seizures, surgery should be considered as early as possible to stop the impact of epilepsy on the development of brain function; (4) Anti-epileptic drugs bring obvious toxic side effects that are not tolerated by the patient, which is also an aspect of considering surgical treatment. Contraindications to surgery: 1. primary generalized epilepsy that has not been treated with regular medication; 2. minor seizures that do not affect work and life; 3. progressive metabolic brain disease or other serious medical disease; 4. active psychosis.