Compression fractures usually do not heal spontaneously and require symptomatic treatment after the exact extent of the injury has been determined. The most common sites of compression fractures are the lumbar and thoracic spine. After a compression fracture of the thoracic and lumbar spine occurs, the severity of the injury should be promptly determined. If the condition is mild and the fracture is only a first-degree compression fracture, the patient should rest in bed, apply local blood-activating drugs, and cooperate with physical therapy, such as microwave and ion introduction. If the compression fracture is more severe, reaching degree II-III, and symptoms of nerve injury, such as radiating pain, local pressure pain, positive percussion pain, and limitation of movement in both lower limbs, surgical treatment should be considered, with incision and internal fixation with nail bars, and absolute bed rest and axial turning are recommended to prevent secondary injury. For patients with severe compression fractures, appropriate functional exercise of the lumbar back muscles should be performed to prevent the occurrence of muscle atrophy. If conservative treatment is performed, strict bed rest for 6-8 weeks and timely review of fracture healing is required.