Lower back pain is a common symptom, and its incidence is second only to the flu. For lower back pain, there are many effective clinical treatments. The purpose of treatment is to reduce pain and restore functional activities as early as possible, so that various structures can be restored to their normal functional state and further degeneration or deformity can be avoided: a. The simplest treatment for acute low back pain is rest Short-term bed rest is more effective than prolonged bed rest. Biomechanical studies have proved that semi-recumbent position, or lateral position with knees and hips flexed and a pillow between the legs can significantly relieve the pressure on the intervertebral discs and nerve roots, and massage and cold compresses can relieve muscle spasm. Aspirin can reduce the pain and inflammatory response. Most acute attacks of low back pain respond well to the above treatments. Once the pain has disappeared, the patient should be encouraged to begin isometric muscle contraction exercises of the abdomen and lower extremities. Patients are allowed to walk as long as they feel comfortable, but sitting is not advocated, especially in a seated position in a car. Zhao Xing, Department of Orthopedics, Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine II. Training to maintain correct posture and position This training helps patients return to their usual level of activity after the onset of symptoms disappears or remits, and this training can take many forms, either individually or in groups. Studies have shown that this type of training is very helpful in reducing missed work time in first-episode patients, but has little effect in reducing the rate of symptom recurrence and reducing the time missed from work during the recurrence period. Of course, back exercise instruction combined with physical therapy is certainly better than comfort therapy. Medication There are a variety of medications used to treat low back pain syndrome, and their efficacy varies. Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen or naproxen, can be used. Hormones, as strong anti-inflammatory drugs, may be helpful when taken for a short period of time. Prescription NSAIDs have more potent ingredients than over-the-counter medications. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and non-acetylated salicylates are less likely to have upper gastrointestinal and antiplatelet adverse effects. Neuropathic pain responds well to anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, zonisamide, and topiramate). Its safety range is high and its therapeutic effect is similar to that of carbamazepine, valproic acid, and phenytoin. There is a tendency not to use strong narcotics and muscle relaxants, especially for patients with chronic leg pain, as they often cause drug addiction and aggravate depression. Tricyclic antidepressants are effective for many types of neuropathic pain and can also treat pain-related insomnia and anxiety. If depression is evident, selective 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibiting antidepressants can be used for treatment. Physiotherapy should be started at an early stage of acute lower back pain. Traction therapy can reduce the pressure on the disc and relieve the pain. In addition, other methods such as heat therapy, ultrasound, ice therapy and transcutaneous electrical stimulation can temporarily relieve pain, which is very beneficial for patients undergoing exercise therapy to increase their range of motion. However, because of the time consuming nature of physical therapy in the hospital, home physical therapy rehabilitation can be carried out. V. Epidural hormone therapy Diagnostic and therapeutic injections are administered directly at the spinal site causing the pain. Diagnostic block is used to identify the source and site of pain. Therapeutic injections relieve pain by blocking pathological reflexes, decreasing central sensitization, stabilizing the nerve membrane and reducing inflammation. Local anesthetics, glucocorticoids and B vitamins are commonly used. Epidural injections of long-acting hormones combined with anesthetics are a good treatment for the symptomatic treatment of discogenic and other properties of low back pain. Most studies have shown short-term effectiveness of 60%-85% and long-term (6 months) effectiveness of 30%-40%. The local therapeutic concentration of hormone can be maintained for at least 3 weeks. When conservative treatment fails, surgical treatment should be considered. Before surgery, the surgeon must ensure that the diagnosis is correct and that the patient has requested surgery because of pain and nerve damage. Both the surgeon and the patient should know that the purpose of surgery is not to cure but to relieve symptoms. Surgery neither terminates the degenerative process of the spine nor restores the back to its previous state. Good posture and body mechanics exercises, including repeated bending, twisting and lifting heavy objects in a flexed spine position, are still required after surgery. If prolonged pain relief is desired, the patient’s lifestyle may require some permanent modifications. Surgical procedures include two main categories: lumbar fusion and non-fusion. Traditional surgery is open, but with the continuous development of minimally invasive surgery, the trauma of surgical treatment can be reduced to a minimum. Although bed rest can reduce pain, prolonged bed rest can cause muscle weakness, which is especially obvious when the patient is bedridden for more than 2 to 3 days. After acute low back pain bed rest and surgical treatment, appropriate activities should be resumed as soon as possible to maintain muscle strength and joint flexibility. Even if they still have some pain, it is beneficial to perform activities under medication analgesia. Various exercises including stretching and strength training are very beneficial for patients and are essential for the treatment of myofascial pain. Swimming is beneficial in the treatment of lower back disorders by reducing the pressure on the lumbar spine during exercise.