1. Residual urine: Residual urine measurement is a basic and essential test in urinary incontinence. If the residual urine is positive, it is important to consider whether there is a weakened bladder contraction or urethral obstruction, often suggesting the presence of filling incontinence, and it is noteworthy that it can coexist with stress urinary incontinence. Examination methods: can be measured by ultrasound, but also directly inserted catheter measurement. 2, urinary flow rate: It is mainly used to assess the situation of bladder outlet obstruction. Persistent low urinary flow rate is generally often indicative of bladder outlet obstruction, but bladder detrusor contraction weakness can also lead to low urinary flow rate, which then needs to be identified by further urodynamic testing. 3. Urodynamic testing – resting phase cystometry (CMG): CMG assesses bladder volume, compliance, and any bladder contractions during this phase (no inhibitory contractions). Depending on the situation, either gas or fluid can be used as the medium for filling the bladder and perfusion can be performed with a 7-gauge double-lumen pigtail catheter. Usually when filling with fluid up to 100-200 ml, the patient will have an initial urge to urinate; continuing filling up to 300-400 ml, the patient starts to feel uncomfortable; when filling up to the actual capacity of the patient’s bladder, the patient will experience a real urge to urinate. The average bladder capacity of adults is about between 450-500ml. 4, leakage point manometry (ALPP): This test is important in stress urinary incontinence, it is mainly to observe the leakage of urine when the patient increases abdominal pressure, and determine the urethral pressure at that time for analysis.ALPP can also initially determine the type of stress urinary incontinence of the patient (especially referring to female patients), anatomical type, intrinsic sphincter dysfunction type or both. Generally, when the ALPP is greater than 90 cmH2O, it often suggests anatomic stress incontinence; when the ALPP is less than 90 cmH2O, it often suggests the presence of intrinsic sphincter dysfunction, which can coexist with the anatomic type; but generally when the ALPP is less than 50-60 cmH2O, it often suggests simple intrinsic sphincter dysfunction stress incontinence. In the specific operation of ALPP, it can be subdivided into Valsalva leak point manometry (VLPP) and cough leak point manometry (CLPP) according to different methods. Valsalva leak point pressure measurement (VLPP) – About 250 ml of sterile saline is injected into the patient’s bladder, and the patient is asked to gradually hold his breath to increase the abdominal pressure, thus increasing the pressure in the bladder accordingly until urine leakage is observed, at which point the abdominal pressure (the minimum abdominal pressure that causes leakage) is called VLPP. Cough leak point manometry (CLPP) – often used when VLPP is not effective. Again, about 250 ml of sterile saline is injected into the patient’s bladder and the patient is asked to cough and increase the intensity of the cough until a urine leak is observed. The abdominal pressure (the smallest abdominal pressure that causes leakage) measured by this method is called CLPP. Valsalva leak point manometry is more sensitive for the diagnosis of stress incontinence in the form of intrinsic sphincter dysfunction, which may be related to the different reflex action of the pelvic floor induced by the two. In addition, the sensitivity of leak point manometry can vary with the amount of fluid filling in the bladder – the sensitivity increases with increasing fluid volume (ALPP values tend to decrease when the volume is 250 ml, 300 ml and 350 ml, respectively). In addition, when paired with visual urodynamic monitoring, the clinical diagnostic value is even higher. 5. Voiding-phase cystometry (pressure-flow study): Voiding-phase cystometry measures the contractility of the bladder (intravesical pressure and detrusor pressure, etc.) during urination, and also allows the measurement of the urinary flow rate. It is the only test that can measure the contractile function of the bladder and can further assess the degree of bladder outlet obstruction. 6. Determination of urethral pressure: maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) 7. Visual urodynamics test (VCUG): Visual urodynamics test is the most specific test to detect the patient’s urinary control ability. It allows for more detailed functional testing by means of radiological imaging in addition to conventional urodynamic testing. Specific methods: The general preparation is the same as conventional urodynamic testing, except that the perfusion is changed to a contrast medium at an appropriate temperature, resting phase cystometry is performed, and then the patient’s urethra and bladder neck morphology at rest (whether open, angle, etc.) is observed through imaging equipment, which helps in the typing of stress line incontinence, and the position of the bladder neck and posterior urethra at the time of leakage can be further observed by means of leak point manometry changes or not, thus making a comprehensive and rational analysis of the patient. If the urethra is contracted at the same time as the bladder is contracted and the EMG confirms an active signal, the diagnosis of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) can be made. 8. Cystoscopy: In female stress incontinence, cystoscopy can reveal problems and diseases that cannot be detected by urodynamics, such as: bladder diverticula, stones, tumors, and some foreign bodies. If the trabecular vesicles in the bladder are found to be significantly enlarged, although there are obvious clinical symptoms of stress urinary incontinence, attention needs to be paid to the bladder contractility and the presence of bladder forced urinary muscle weakness to prevent the occurrence of dyspareunia after surgical treatment.