Today, a woman, 37 years old, who came for counseling by arrangement with her leader, was recently found to have carcinoma in situ of the cervix involving the glands during a check-up. Very nervous, consulted a number of doctors, each doctor has a different advice, and therefore more fear, coupled with a doctor said that this is a contagious disease, but also cause panic in the family. Therefore, we decided to find a friend of the leadership to consult again, after our leadership arranged to meet in the office at 9:00 a.m. today. A couple with confusion and anxiety as promised to consult, first of all, the man introduced himself as a hotel owner, and then introduced his spouse is a southerner, is also a hotel industry managers, remarried, each with a child, ready to have a third child, 3-4 years did not get pregnant again, to carry out the Knightly “annual examination” found cervical carcinoma in situ, talk about the “cancer” color. Talking about “cancer”, the couple’s first thought was: “How long can they live?” The second question is: “Can it be treated?” The third question was: “How did you get it?” After hearing this, I smiled and said, “It seems that you two, like other patients and their families, are still unclear about whether carcinoma in situ is cancer.” The patient asked back, “Isn’t it cancer?” Instead of answering directly, I started with a short story. About four years ago, a medical controversy was the centerpiece of a court argument over whether or not carcinoma in situ was cancer. The judge asked a medical doctor whether carcinoma in situ was cancerous, and the doctor started with the process of cancer development and evolution. However, the judge did not understand the question, so he interrupted the doctor’s speech, saying that in court, the defendant only needed to answer yes or no, and not to talk about things that had nothing to do with the case. The doctor had to stop his speech and answer, “No.” The judge asked, “No? Why do you call it carcinoma in situ?” The doctor thinks for a moment and replies, “Yes, it’s precisely because it’s carcinoma in situ that it’s not cancer!” The judge was furious: “If it’s not cancer, why is it called cancer, huh?” The doctor was also aggrieved and said, “I just wanted to explain to you why, but you wouldn’t let me!” In fact, the judge and the doctor understood the concept of “cancer” differently, which is why there was a lack of clarity. The judge was talking about the cancer recognized by ordinary people, which refers to invasive cancer in medicine, while the in situ cancer in medicine refers to the tumor-like lesion in the epithelium, which has the tendency to evolve to cancer, and once this tumor-like lesion breaks through the basal layer of the epithelium, it is invasive cancer, that is, what our common people call “cancer”. Therefore, the medical doctor answered that carcinoma in situ is not cancer. To further elaborate, there are three forms of intraepithelial neoplasia, namely mild, moderate and severe, and carcinoma in situ is the most severe type of intraepithelial neoplasia. Because it is confined within the epithelium, there is no infiltration or metastasis. About 70-80% of patients develop cancer over time. It can be seen that it is the closest lesion to cancer that is not cancerous, and it is called carcinoma in situ to attract the attention of both doctors and patients. Therefore, the treatment of carcinoma in situ is different from that of cancer. Generally speaking, the treatment plan is decided according to the patient’s age, marital status, whether she has children or not, and other basic conditions. For example, the lady mentioned above can choose from a wide range of treatment options, such as regular observation, cervical cerclage (LEEP), cervical conization (CKC), hysterectomy (trans-abdominal, trans-vaginal, or trans-laparoscopic), and hysteroscopic curettage of cervical lesions (TCRC), etc. This is why different doctors have different treatment options for different types of cancer. This is why different doctors have different recommendations. Why is regular observation an option? Because it is currently believed that cervical cancer is the result of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Some survey data shows that women have a 95% chance of contracting HPV during their lifetime, indicating that HPV infection is one of the fairly common female reproductive tract infections. If the HPV infection is expelled, the lesion is likely to recover, and antiviral treatment can be an option for young patients with fertility requirements, with regular follow-up. If there is no progression it can be left in place without surgery. This is the reason why some doctors consider it an infectious disease. So what are the circumstances for choosing LEEP? Young patients who are fertile and have a strong fear of developing cancer and do not have the means to be hospitalized; or if the above patients do not improve after antiviral treatment for a period of time, LEEP is the best choice; if they have the means to be hospitalized, TCRC or CKC is the best choice; if they have no need to have children, hysterectomy can be chosen for older patients. If the vagina is not affected, hysterectomy is the most complete surgery.