Most urinary stones can be effectively treated after a clear diagnosis, which currently mainly includes surgery (treatment based on various minimally invasive procedures, such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy for stone extraction, ureteral soft and hard lithotripsy, and laparoscopic incision for stone extraction), extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, or pharmacological stone removal. Although most patients can be successfully treated in a single visit, there is a fairly high recurrence rate. Studies have shown that patients with urolithiasis who do not receive effective prophylaxis have a recurrence rate of up to 50% at 10 years and up to 100% at 20 years; in contrast, those who receive prophylactic treatment have a recurrence rate of only 15%, therefore, it is crucial to prevent stone recurrence. First, according to a large number of surveys, the occurrence of stones is related to the “amount” of drinking water. This “amount” for adults should not be based on the amount of water consumed alone, but should ensure that the daily urine volume is more than 2000 ml, because in high temperatures, or during exercise and physical labor, a large amount of sweat evaporates to reduce the urine volume, resulting in the concentration of lithogenic substances in the urine, which in turn induces stone formation. Secondly, it is also necessary to avoid a high protein diet, today it is believed that “high protein diet is the first driving force of high urinary calcium”, because protein can be broken down into amino acids, which can make the blood tend to acidification. Bone decalcifies in an acidic state and the latter is excreted into the urine through the blood leading to an increase in urinary calcium, therefore, appropriate restriction of protein intake is also important for stone prevention. In addition, stone composition analysis is a method to confirm the nature of stones and is an important basis for stone prevention measures. Therefore, composition analysis should be performed when available. Among the many factors to prevent recurrence of stones, the composition of stones can be taken into account so that the diet can be adjusted and controlled. Stones of different composition have different etiologies and differences in diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, a proper understanding of the nature and composition of different stones is essential. For adult stones of different composition, in addition to drinking plenty of water and limiting protein intake, the following individualized control measures should be applied according to stone composition: (1) calcium oxalate stones: avoid eating spinach, parsley, asparagus, strawberries, plums, strong tea, chocolate and various dried fruits (walnuts, chestnuts, peanuts, etc., the harder the texture, the more oxalic acid it contains), and should not be supplemented with high doses of vitamin C. (2) Calcium phosphate stones: should not drink alkaline beverages, such as various colas, etc. Limit salt to less than 5 grams per day and avoid MSG. Substantially limit the consumption of meat, eggs and other high-protein foods. (3) Uric acid stones: Avoid eating animal offal and alcohol; limit meat, fish and shrimp to no more than 100 grams per day; eat less mushrooms and beans. The purine content in eggs and milk is very low and can be consumed to supplement the body’s protein needs. (4) magnesium ammonium phosphate stones: that is, infected stones, pay attention to personal hygiene, to prevent urinary tract infection. (5) Cystine stones: The recurrence rate is extremely high, and the consumption of meat, eggs, peanuts and legumes should be strictly limited. Rice should be the main food and more vegetables and fruits should be eaten. Follow medical treatment with medication for life. In addition, citric acid (citric acid) is a stone inhibitor that can complex with calcium to form highly soluble calcium citrate, competitively thereby reducing calcium oxalate formation, while calcium citrate complexes do not form stones because they are soluble in water and can be excreted with urine. Lemons and oranges are rich in citrate, which is beneficial in preventing calcium and uric acid stones by increasing urine volume over time as an adjunct to water. In conclusion, stones themselves are the “fruit”, not the “cause”. Only by tracing the root cause, clarifying the composition of stones and treating the cause, can we effectively control the recurrence of stones.