In everyday life, people seeking to nourish and fight aging always deliberately consume collagen-rich foods such as pork knuckles, phoenix claws and pork skin. However, just as the nutrients required by the human body cannot be fully satisfied from the diet, they need to be perfected by health food such as nutritional supplements. The skin also needs collagen powder to complete the nutritional supplementation of the skin. Collagen itself is an “inferior protein”. The way the body absorbs and synthesizes proteins also means that the collagen consumed cannot be transported directly to the body’s skin, and eating collagen does not help the body synthesize collagen. What is Collagen Collagen is a very important protein in the body and is found mainly in connective tissue. It has a strong ability to stretch and is a major component of ligaments and muscle bonds, and collagen is also a major component of the extracellular matrix. It keeps the skin elastic, while aging of collagen causes wrinkles to appear. Collagen is also a major component of the cornea of the eye, but in crystalline form. How the body synthesizes proteins The process of protein synthesis in the body can be divided into three steps: transcription – translation – post-translational modification. First, in the nucleus, RNA polymerase synthesizes messenger RNA (mRNA) using the template strand of DNA as a template. The modified mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where the transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying different amino acids starts the synthesis of the peptide chain with the help of ribosomes using the mRNA as a template (the three base pairs on the tRNA form an anticodon that determines an amino acid). The final synthesized peptide chain has to be chemically modified to form the final protein with a specific function. Absorption ≠ Synthesis The protein in the food we eat is mainly (not entirely) absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells in the form of small peptides and then mostly (not entirely) broken down into amino acids in the intestinal mucosal cells before entering the bloodstream. After protein ingestion, small amounts of small peptides and large amounts of amino acids, as well as occasional or very small amounts of polypeptides, can be detected in the blood. The amino acids in the blood can enter the body cells and participate in the synthesis of new proteins, but the small peptides and polypeptides cannot enter the body cells and certainly cannot be the raw material for protein synthesis. Again, back to collagen. When collagen is consumed, some small peptides can enter the bloodstream directly, but none of this means that it helps your body synthesize collagen. This is because the raw material for the synthesis of new proteins is still amino acids. Moreover, the amount of protein absorbed by the body is limited, and no matter how much you eat, the amount that is finally absorbed and synthesized into body protein remains the same. Then, the excess intake of collagen is equivalent to body waste, which needs to be metabolized by the human kidney system into stool and urine excreted from the body. Therefore, the more you eat the more you excrete, which will increase the burden on the kidneys. Why are there studies or examples of people taking it orally that “prove” it works? There are animal studies that are often used to “prove” that eating collagen works. To some extent, this proof is not without merit. However, it is important to remember that animal testing is not the same as human life. In order to “prove” that collagen is effective, animal experiments involve adding collagen to the diets of some of the animals, while others (as controls) are fed diets that are either low in total protein or contain no collagen at all. This is clearly not consistent with the daily diet of humans and thus not very convincing. Instead, there are two possible reasons why someone’s oral intake is effective: One possibility is the placebo effect. This is a widespread and objective phenomenon. Theoretically, the placebo effect caused by oral collagen cannot be considered as collagen effective, but you can certainly consider collagen effective if you want to yourself (just look at the effect without caring about the theory). The second possible reason is because of the addition of soy isoflavones (or soy extracts, soy extracts, etc.) to the collagen product. The phytohormone has a molecular structure similar to that of estrogen and can bind to estrogen receptors to produce a similar effect as estrogen, but this effect is smaller than that of estrogen in the human body. When the estrogen level in the human body is insufficient, its binding can play a role in replenishing estrogen; while when the estrogen level in the body is too high, its binding plays an inhibitory role because it prevents estrogen binding, which is equivalent to lowering the estrogen level. For this reason, phytohormones are also known as regulators of estrogen levels in women, and in 1999 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of soy isoflavones as a dietary supplement. From a nutritional point of view, collagen is not a high quality protein The desire to eat collagen for beauty seems to be unfulfilled, so what about just using it as a general food for protein supplement? We know that meat, eggs, milk, vegetables and many other foods contain protein. There are different types of proteins and there are good and bad ones. The proteins in meat, eggs, and milk are high quality proteins, but collagen is a poor quality protein. The actual fact is that there are more than 20 kinds of amino acids in the body, eight of which are not synthesized by the body itself and must be supplied directly by food, called “essential amino acids”. The goodness of protein is determined by the type and content of these essential amino acids. Fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat, milk, most nuts and beans have a lot of essential amino acids, so they are called “high quality proteins”. Collagen, on the other hand, does not contain all of the “essential amino acids” and is a poor quality protein. This means that if you eat this food, you will not be able to satisfy your body’s needs and you will need to eat other high quality protein foods to satisfy your body’s needs. The actual fact is that you can find a lot of people who are not able to get a good deal on this kind of things. The actual collagen powder is not cheap. The actual fact is that you can find a lot of people who are not able to get a good deal on a lot of things. The principle of blood identification is that the mixing of different blood types will produce precipitation, but whether the blood type is the same and whether it is biological has nothing to do. And the common method of dropping blood into water in movies and dramas will cause the red blood cell membrane to break, so two drops of blood from different sources will not precipitate at all. The principle of “blood recognition” Once the blood of different blood types is mixed, there may be precipitation and other situations. The folklore of “non-relative blood cannot be mixed” refers to the occurrence of such precipitation. The blood type is usually referred to as ABO blood type, that is, type A, B, AB and O. It is based on the surface of the red blood cells AB. It is classified according to the ABH antigen on the surface of blood red blood cells. For a specific blood type, there are specific antigens on the red blood cell membrane and different types of antibodies in the serum. Those with only A antigen on the red blood cell membrane are type A blood and have B antibodies in the serum; those with only B antigen on the red blood cell membrane are type B blood and have A antibodies in the serum; those with both A and B antigens on the red blood cell membrane are type AB blood and have no A or B antibodies in the serum; those with only H antigen on the red blood cell membrane are type O and have both A and B antibodies in the serum. Antigens and antibodies of the same type can combine, thus causing the red blood cells to deposit due to increased weight. For example, if a drop of type A blood and a drop of type B blood are put together, the type A red blood cells will bind to the A antibodies in the type B blood and precipitate, and the type B red blood cells will bind to the B antibodies in the type A blood and precipitate, thus producing many precipitating particles. This is how precipitation occurs when blood of different blood types are mixed. These precipitates look like small particles (the more blood there is, the more particles there are) and appear as a failure to fuse. This phenomenon only occurs when two drops of blood of different blood types are mixed. In the case of two drops of the same blood type, the red blood cells do not bind antibodies, so they can fuse without precipitation. The same blood type does not mean biological, but there is no relationship between the same blood type and biological status. There are 1.3 billion people in China, and there are only four ABO blood types, and there are millions of people with the same blood type. If we judge whether there is parentage based on whether the blood types are the same, there will be too many wrongful cases in the world. It can be seen that the ability to fuse is not necessarily pro-life. On the other hand, even if parents and children are related, their blood types may be different. the four ABO blood types are genetically determined and there are certain genetic laws. As you can see from the attached table: the correspondence between the blood types of parents and children is more complicated. For example, if the father has AB blood type and the mother has O blood type, the child born will have A or B blood type, which is different from both parents’ blood types. Therefore, the compatibility of two drops of blood can indicate the same blood type, but it does not further indicate whether it is biological. Blood drops into water: no matter how it will not precipitate It is worth mentioning that in many film and television productions there is such a “blood identification” clip: take a bowl of water, and then two drops of blood into the water. In this way, the results of the blood test is even less credible. Because red blood cells have only a fragile cell membrane, there is no solid cell wall. Due to the osmotic pressure, red blood cells in clear water will absorb water and swell up, allowing the cell membrane to break into pieces. The antigen and antibody on the fragments can also be combined, but not as much as the intact cell membrane can be combined with a large number of antibodies, so that the weight required for precipitation is not reached, and no small particles visible to the naked eye are produced, so with this method, regardless of whether the blood type of the two drops of blood is the same, it appears to be fused. Conclusion: Blood identification is not credible This type of blood identification is not credible. The ancients lacked the proper means to understand the human body and did not have modern medical knowledge, so they took it for granted that the same blood flowed in the bloodline of a family. If the same blood is mixed, it can be fused, but if different bloods are mixed, they cannot be fused. And in fact, because blood is often dripped into water, red blood cells will rupture their cell membranes due to osmotic pressure, so it is not possible for two drops of blood from different sources to “not blend” in the usual sense. Tooth decay must be extracted in time, otherwise it will affect the health of the surrounding teeth. Tooth decay has a progressive process and can be effectively treated with fillings and crown repair in the early stages. Only in the advanced stage will tooth extraction be considered. Tooth decay is the common name for dental caries, which is a chronic disease very common in both children and adults, second only to the flu. The cause of tooth decay is caused by bacteria. Bacteria, food residues, and saliva in the mouth form plaque (a sticky, clear film) and adhere to the tooth surface. Bacteria break down the sugars in the food left in the mouth and produce acids, which can dissolve the tooth enamel, and when the critical pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5, there is a chance of tooth decay. In the initial stage, the tooth enamel is eroded and people usually do not feel pain; then the erosion will extend to the dentin and people will feel pain when touching hot, cold or sweet food and drinks, which means the pulp is still healthy at this time, if you receive treatment at this time, the dentist can repair the tooth decay and there will be no after-effects; if you do not receive treatment, the erosion If not treated, the erosion will spread to the pulp and the tooth will still feel pain when there is no external stimulation. In this case, irreversible damage will be caused to the tooth. After pulp necrosis, the pain will disappear temporarily, but the tooth may become sensitive because the root of the tooth is already red, swollen and infected, resulting in gingivitis or abscess. In the early stage of caries development, the doctor can treat the caries by filling (filling) or crown repair. More serious caries (pulp necrosis) will be treated by root canal treatment. Only when the caries is advanced and the tooth is eroded to a very incomplete stage, the dentist will consider extracting the tooth. In this era of good food and good drink, young and middle-aged people are trying to get fat, and the most obvious thing is the growing belly. People call this belly “beer belly”, so many people rely on this identified “beer belly” and love of beer can not be unrelated. Although wine will bring many adverse effects on people, but said wine is to make people fat “culprit” or some wrong it. The high calorie content of wine is measured by the combustion method, from the perspective of human absorption and metabolism, will soon be broken down, the calories are not high. “Beer belly” and long-term unhealthy diet and lifestyle habits are related. Beer: high calories make people fat? Beer, also known as liquid bread (liquid bread), I do not know where this name comes from, but it does lead people to believe that beer contains a lot of calories, and therefore cause obesity. Compared to liquor, beer and wine are more nutritious, containing a certain amount of sugar, protein, amino acids, trace elements and other substances in addition to alcohol, but this does not mean that beer and wine have more calories. In fact, in alcoholic beverages, the main source of energy is still the alcohol itself, and usually the higher the degree, the higher the energy. As you can see, beer contains less energy per unit mass than any other common alcoholic beverage and is not a high-calorie drink. However, as anyone who has ever drank alcohol knows, it is common to drink more beer than liquor, and many people think of beer as a common drink. So let’s take another look at the energy comparison between beer and other beverages. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides data on the calories contained in various common foods to provide an accurate and practical reference. From these data, we can see that, in terms of energy, beer is not more than other common beverages, and it is wrong to say that it is high in calories and prone to obesity. Beer, spirits and wine, who is the killer? Spirits contain the highest energy, is it more likely to make people fat? The reality is that the role of alcohol for the human body is more complex. In addition to the energy produced by its own decomposition, it may also affect the metabolism of other substances, and the different drinking habits of different people will also bring about metabolic differences. Which kind of alcohol is most closely related to obesity, especially abdominal obesity? A group of scientists who want to know the answer, like us, launched a study and statistics. Scientists get a variety of conclusions. Some results show that beer and spirits do promote “beer belly”, while wine can reduce the waistline; some studies show that wine does not have this magical effect; some scientists specifically found the world’s most beer-loving Czechs (the Czech Republic’s annual per capita consumption of beer is the world’s first) as a sample, carefully selected the drop of alcohol Some scientists looked specifically at the world’s most beer-loving Czechs (the world’s largest annual per capita beer consumption) as a sample, carefully singling out non-drinkers and beer-only drinkers in the hope of finding a connection between beer and “beer bellies,” but the results showed that beer had nothing to do with large waistlines. Researchers admit that, perhaps due to the errors and shortcomings of the research method, the various studies over the years did not get a conclusive. According to the current results, it is difficult to say exactly which wine is the culprit of “beer belly”, or more likely to cause “beer belly”. Whether white wine beer are alcoholic beverages, so many scientists put aside the differences between different types of alcohol, directly targeting the effects of alcohol on obesity research. Alcohol and obesity From the point of view of body metabolism, although alcohol is an energy substance, it is potentially toxic to the human body, so it will not be stored by the body, and it will be preferentially broken down after entering the body. The metabolism of both alcohol and lipids depends on the liver, and alcohol inhibits the body’s metabolism of lipids, which is the reason why alcoholics are prone to fatty liver, and also lays a hidden danger for obesity. This is where a good diet and lifestyle habits become even more important. If you drink alcohol at the same time, pay attention to reduce the intake of other energy substances (such as carbohydrates, high-fat food), or strengthen exercise, consume the excess energy accumulated because of drinking, then drinking alcohol will not necessarily lead to obesity. If wine to drink, rice as usual, but also add a elbow under the wine, and over time the accumulated fat will be more and more, want not fat also difficult. For abdominal obesity, a study pointed out that alcohol may be through the influence of the endocrine system leading to fat accumulation in the internal organs. Glucocorticoid is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, will promote the accumulation of fat in the abdomen, and alcohol can promote the secretion of glucocorticoid by stimulating the neurosecretory system or directly stimulating the adrenal glands, so drinking too much alcohol will increase the risk of abdominal obesity. However, the principle of research is not quite consistent with the large scale epidemiological studies on alcohol and obesity (including abdominal obesity), but the conclusion that “alcohol causes obesity” and “alcohol does not cause obesity” are both accounted for a certain percentage. Researchers generally believe that this inconclusive situation is related to the limitations of these epidemiological studies and the differences in drinking and eating habits among individuals and groups, such as the fact that drinking in some places leads to less eating, while drinking in other places does not affect meal size, which are key issues that may have a significant impact on the final conclusions. Therefore, to further understand the relationship between alcohol and obesity in groups also need more rigorous research protocols, and with the biochemical principles of the study. Higher frequency of drinking, but smaller waist size? As early as the end of the last century, some researchers found that abdominal obesity may be related to the frequency of drinking, and in recent years, there are European scientists’ research shows that in the case of the same amount of alcohol consumption, people who like to drink occasionally booze than people who like to drink a small number of times are more prone to abdominal obesity. In order to further confirm this interesting phenomenon, scientists then further subdivided the specific population according to the frequency of drinking, and follow-up surveys, the results found that with the increase in the frequency of drinking, abdominal obesity shows a decreasing trend, and the total amount of alcohol consumption and the type of alcohol is not related. They analyzed that the reasons for this phenomenon may be two: 1, occasional light and medium drinkers and long-term heavy drinkers do not metabolize alcohol in exactly the same way, heavy drinkers metabolize alcohol mainly relying on microsomal ethanol oxidation system, while light and medium drinkers rely on ethanol dehydrogenase system, the former consumes more energy in the metabolic process than the latter, thus reducing the accumulated energy; 2, long-term drinkers The amount of alcohol consumed by people who drink each time is usually not large, and we all know that when drinking alcohol there is a feeling of fever, that is, a lot of heat energy is given off, and if the amount of alcohol consumed is not large, it is likely that the energy produced by each drink is quickly consumed in the process of fever. It should be reminded that although the high frequency of drinking alcohol may make the “beer belly” smaller, but the long-term habit of excessive drinking is not healthy, easy to cause high blood pressure, fatty liver and other diseases, but do not use this as a reason to indulge themselves in drinking. According to foreign media reports recently, a new U.S. study found that another major factor leading to obesity is the night lights. Night lights will disrupt the body’s biological clock rhythm, causing black and white, in the night should not eat, so it will lead to obesity. Night lights include both lights on, also includes TV or computer generated by the low light. Therefore, no matter how strong or weak the light at night, as long as there is light, it may increase the chances of obesity. Sleeping with the lights off at night, on the other hand, helps you lose weight. Rumors are a misinterpretation of the experimental results. Light at night affects the eating habits of mice, leading to weight gain. The results of this study may explain the relationship between increased light at night and obesity in the population, but there is no mention of the conclusion that sleeping with the lights off can help you lose weight. The study was conducted by Laura Fonken, a behavioral neurologist at The Ohio State University. The study uncovered the effects of changes in photoperiod on body weight in mice. The entire study consisted of two experiments, each lasting eight weeks. In the first experiment, mice were divided into three groups. One group received the standard light/dark circadian cycle (16 hours of light at 150 lux + 8 hours of complete darkness, denoted as the LD group), one group received the light/dark circadian cycle (16 hours of light at 150 lux + 8 hours of dark light at 5 lux, denoted as the DM group), and the last group received 24 hours of light at 150 lux (denoted as the LL group). The results showed that the mice in the LL and DM groups weighed significantly more than the mice in the LD group. There was no significant difference in the daily food intake and activity of the three groups. The mice were nocturnal and ate most of their food at night, but the DM group ate 55.5% of their food during the “day”, while the LD group ate only 36.5% of their food (the LL group was not considered here because there was no diurnal difference). The conclusion of this experiment was that photoperiodic changes affected the mice’s feeding habits, which in turn led to changes in body weight. In a second experiment, the investigators then set up three feeding methods for the DM and LD groups: continuous food (FA group), “daytime” food only (FL), or “nighttime” food only (FD). ” (FD). The results showed that the “night” only food supply prevented the mice in the DM group from gaining weight, which further supports the findings of the first experiment. These two experiments suggest that light at night affects the mice’s feeding habits and leads to weight gain. This finding may explain the relationship between increased light at night and obesity in the population. But the tests refer to weight gain, which cannot be equated with weight loss. So sleeping with the lights off at night does not lead to weight loss.