Hypertension is a cardiovascular syndrome with elevated blood pressure as the main clinical manifestation, and is one of the major fatal and disabling diseases worldwide, with 7 million people dying from hypertension each year. According to the 2007 China Cardiovascular Disease Report, there are at least 200 million people with hypertension in China, and it is estimated that there are nearly 50 million people with persistent hypertension in China. In addition, hypertensive patients with risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, and obesity require stricter blood pressure control (<130/80 mm Hg), so the actual number of patients with intractable hypertension is higher than expected. Current treatment strategies for recalcitrant hypertension include therapeutic lifestyle changes, combination of antihypertensive drugs, protection of target organs, and control of multiple risk factors, but the efficacy is not satisfactory. In China, only 6.1% of patients can achieve the target level of blood pressure as required by treatment guidelines. Although most of the patients' failure to achieve the target blood pressure level can be attributed to poor compliance and failure to comply with the principle of lifelong medication in the absence of symptoms, it shows that there is an urgent need to develop new ways to treat hypertension in order to improve patient compliance and to compensate for the lack of pharmacological therapy. With this in mind, device therapy or (and) catheter ablation have emerged. Studies have shown that excessive renal sympathetic activation is one of the major factors in the development of hypertension. The kidney is not only a target organ for sympathetic activation, but also an important source of sympathetic activation. Surgical sympathectomy and visceral neurectomy were used for the treatment of malignant hypertension before the availability of effective antihypertensive drugs, but were abandoned because of their severe side effects. in April 2009, Professor Krum and his colleagues at Monash University, Australia, reported a new technique for the treatment of intractable hypertension with percutaneous catheterized renal sympathetic nerve radiofrequency ablation. The theoretical basis of this method is that renal sympathetic afferent and efferent fibers are selectively distributed in the superficial part of the renal artery wall, and the sympathetic nerves are selectively destroyed locally by radiofrequency ablation in the renal artery to achieve the effect of blocking the sympathetic nerves without affecting other abdominal or lower limb innervation, thus achieving the goal of lowering blood pressure while avoiding serious complications. Subsequently, the Symplicity HTN-2 study was published as a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trial that further validated the effectiveness and safety of transcatheter renal desympatheticization in the treatment of recalcitrant hypertension. In March 2011, Yang Chengming et al. of the Daping Hospital of the Third Military Medical University published a "Report of 3 cases of percutaneous renal sympathetic nerve radiofrequency ablation for recalcitrant hypertension". Follow-up revealed that blood pressure was controlled at the target level in two patients and not at the target level in one case, but it was encouraging that the type of medication used in this patient was reduced by one to two compared with the preoperative period, and the dose of medication was unchanged or reduced by half. In July of the same year, Lu Chengzhi et al. of the First Central Hospital of Tianjin performed gong-therapy percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for renal sympathetic nerve removal in a 56-year-old female with intractable hypertension. The operator achieved bilateral renal desympatheticization by radiofrequency ablation of both renal arteries of the patient. The patient's blood pressure was 120/75 mmHg in the immediate postoperative period, and the patient was off all oral and intravenous antihypertensive medications, with blood pressure fluctuating between 120 and 135/75 and 80 mmHg for 24 hours after the procedure. All five subsequent human studies conducted by this academic were successful. Both animal experiments and clinical studies now consistently show that percutaneous catheter renal sympathetic ablation is simple to perform, has few complications, and can result in significant and sustained reduction of intractable hypertension, making it a safe, novel, and effective treatment technique that heralds the advent of a new era in the instrumental treatment of hypertension. However, it must be admitted that the anatomical distribution characteristics of renal sympathetic neurons and nerve fibers and the histological regeneration of their nerve fibers make us doubt the long-term efficacy of renal denervation and look forward to further observation and review of real-world more and longer MRCT and clinical practice.