The main clinical manifestation of urinary tract stones is pain and hematuria, so patients with back pain and hematuria must go to the hospital in time to have a urine test and an ultrasound of the urinary system to determine whether there are urinary tract stones (further examination is needed if there are problems). If there is fluid in the kidney, it means that the stone has caused obstruction in the urinary tract for a long time, which requires timely treatment in the hospital. Nowadays, many patients with urinary stones hope to remove the stones directly by a simple method, by taking medicine to dissolve the stones in the body or by a single extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, but in fact, there are various types of urinary stones, only a small percentage of stones (such as uric acid stones) can be treated by drug lithotripsy. The choice of treatment for urinary tract stones depends on the specific situation, and treatment methods can vary greatly for stones in different locations and sizes. For stones in the ureter, if the urinary tract is well drained, more than 80% of stones less than 6 mm in diameter can be discharged on their own, and the overall discharge rate of stones in different locations in the ureter varies. For ureteral stones larger than 6 mm in diameter, the chances of self-discharge are very small, and they usually need to be treated by intracorporeal stone extraction or extracorporeal lithotripsy, especially for those patients with ureteral stenosis, malformation or combined ureteral polyps, active surgical intervention should be carried out instead of blindly adopting conservative treatment. Conservative treatment of kidney stones should be discharged through the ureter and urethra. By the same token, stones larger than 6 mm in diameter have a very low chance of being discharged on their own, and it is related to the location of the stone inside the kidney. Small stones in the upper and middle calyces of the kidney are easily discharged on their own, while stones in the lower calyces, which are in the lowest position of the kidney, are not easily discharged and often require postural assistance (cartwheels, inversions, head-down and foot-up positions) to help discharge the stone. For those stones that are asymptomatic and located in the calyces with small intra-calympanic stones or stones in the diverticulum of the calyces, which themselves have no significant effect on total renal function and are not easily expelled even after lithotripsy, this condition can be observed without the need for aggressive surgical treatment. For kidney stones less than 2 cm in diameter can be treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, but in the past, kidney stones over 2 cm need to be removed by open surgery, which has a great damage and slow recovery, and will cause some damage to kidney function. The treatment of recurrent stones after the first incision is more difficult for specialized urologists due to local adhesions and scar formation. Nowadays, with the continuous progress and development of minimally invasive intracavitary technology, kidney stones with large volume and recurrence after surgery no longer need to be worried and afraid of surgical treatment, as most of them can be removed through “percutaneous nephrolithotomy” (percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an incision of less than one centimeter is made in the lumbar area, and the stone is dilated to create a hole of the thickness of a pencil. A pencil-thin skin-to-kidney channel is created, and lithotripsy tools such as laser, ballistic or ultrasound are introduced to crush the stone in the body and remove it), which not only causes less damage and bleeding, but also results in a quick recovery. Recently, based on percutaneous nephrolithoscopy (hole extraction), the newly developed ultrasonic pneumatic ballistic combined lithotripsy technology, while crushing the stones, removes the stone debris from the body through a quick negative suction system in time, which greatly shortens the operation time and improves the efficiency of lithotripsy, and is an effective means of treating large and complex kidney stones. Therefore, even if the stones are large in size, there is no need to be afraid, as long as the stones are removed by “drilling”. However, the etiology of urinary stones is extremely complex, and its occurrence is related to various factors such as environment, metabolic abnormalities of the body and diseases of the urinary tract itself, etc. Despite the availability of many mature treatment methods including minimally invasive surgery, the recurrence rate of stones remains high after surgical removal or discharge. Focus on the prevention of recurrence. There are various types of urinary stones, how to prevent recurrence after treatment? Many patients and family members are still in doubt and do not know what measures to take. The prevention of stones also needs to be based on the different components of stones and the causes of their formation. A simple method is to send the specimens of stones that can be operated, lithotripsy or self discharge to the hospital for a component analysis to see which type of stones are present, which can help to develop an individualized prevention program and help to arrange the diet. After surgery, ultrasound is usually done every 2 to 3 months, so that even small stones can be detected and treated in time.