With the strong backing of the national key discipline – pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital Pediatric Heart Center, which brings together the advantages of cardiovascular medical and surgical disciplines, will also take advantage of the mechanism to further follow the cutting-edge technology and carry out cutting-edge surgery. Have you heard of “purple babies”? These little angels came to earth with a different kind of heart. Their little hearts are either transposition of large blood vessels, defects in the heart, or even an egg-sized heart with more than ten kinds of heart and blood vessel malformations, resulting in abnormal blood flow in the heart and blood vessels and dark purple blood entering the systemic arterial system. …… Doctors collectively call this cyanotic congenital heart disease. Most of the children with cyanosis are cyanotic at birth or early after birth, especially the cyanosis of the lips, nail bed and nose tip is the most obvious, which will be aggravated when they move, cry, hold their breath, or have pneumonia. The mortality rate of children with cyanotic precocious heart disease is as high as 80-90% within one year after birth. However, the broken hearts of purple children can be repaired on earth. ”In fact, purple babies are only a part of children with congenital heart disease, and there are many other children with congenital heart disease who do not show signs of cyanosis.” Nowadays, with the improvement of medical technology and the gradual improvement of planned immunization, the proportion of infant and child deaths caused by infectious diseases is gradually decreasing, while congenital malformations, especially complex congenital heart disease, have become the most important killers of newborns and infants. According to the manifestations of the children, congenital heart diseases are divided into two categories: non-cyanotic and cyanotic heart diseases. Non-cyanotic congenital heart diseases are mainly left-to-right shunt congenital heart diseases and some valvular diseases, including ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary stenosis. Some of these children may show signs of cardiac insufficiency such as weakness in breastfeeding, excessive sweating and shortness of breath, but most of them usually have no special clinical symptoms, and most of them are detected by doctors’ physical examination who find murmurs and congenital heart disease. Most of the congenital heart diseases of cyanotic type are more complicated heart diseases, including tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, transposition of the great arteries, ectopic connection of pulmonary veins, single ventricle and other diseases. Parents can usually notice varying degrees of bruising on the lips and nail ends of the child’s mouth at birth or shortly after birth. Studies have found that congenital heart disease is caused by a variety of factors including genetic factors, environmental factors, and infections. Viral infections in the mother’s early pregnancy, placental malfunction, diabetes, and exposure to higher levels of radiation, various chemicals, alcohol, and drugs (such as diet pills) can all lead to congenital heart disease. In the past, it was generally believed that the incidence of congenital heart disease in China was about 6 per 10,000, but monitoring in recent years has shown a significant trend toward higher incidence, with a total national incidence of about 11 per 10,000. Studies have also shown that mothers with children born with congenital heart disease have a 4-5 times higher than normal chance of having a child with precocious heart disease if they become pregnant again. Currently, most simple congenital heart diseases such as ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and patent ductus arteriosus are treated very well, and after surgery, the child can learn and live like a healthy child. However, there are some complex precardiac diseases that cannot be effectively cured at present, and they also need to be operated in stages, causing a great burden to families and society. Therefore, the early detection of complex precocious heart disease is an important topic being explored by doctors. In the 1970s, echocardiography began to be used to measure the fetal heart and the diagnosis of congenital heart disease due to its noninvasive nature. It was not until the 1980s, due to the development of two-dimensional ultrasound and Doppler technology, that American physicians began to establish echocardiographic methods applied to the fetus, and since then research on prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease and the diagnosis and treatment of fetal arrhythmias has been conducted. Nowadays, in prenatal checkups in developed countries, observation of the four-chambered heart structure of the fetus is a routine test, and if abnormalities are found, the obstetrician-gynecologist directs the pregnant woman to a pediatric cardiologist for a detailed fetal echocardiogram. The majority of congenital cardiac anomalies can be diagnosed by the specialist’s examination. The most appropriate time to perform a fetal echocardiogram is between 18 and 22 weeks of gestation. Before this time, the heart structures are too small to be easily identified by ultrasound; after this time, the image quality is affected by factors such as increased fetal bone and amniotic fluid and placental thickening. During this period, if a complex heart malformation is detected, the best surgical plan for the baby can be developed through a joint consultation between the doctor and the parents, either by terminating the pregnancy or by delivering the baby at a hospital that is capable of performing heart surgery on the baby.