Histopathologic diagnosis is the gold standard for clarifying the nature of tumors and is the main basis for providing clinical treatment plans. However, in the same malignant tumor, patients with similar clinicopathological characteristics (such as the same surgery-pathological stage and histopathological grading) adopt the same treatment plan, but the treatment effect and prognosis of patients are different, which is due to the individual differences of tumors at the molecular level, i.e. tumor heterogeneity. Individualized treatment based on molecular heterogeneity of tumors has become the development direction of malignant tumor treatment in the future, and accurate molecular typing of malignant tumors is an important foundation for individualized treatment. Ovarian cancer is the malignant tumor of female reproductive system with the highest mortality rate. 21,980 new cases of ovarian cancer and 14,270 deaths due to ovarian cancer are expected in the United States in 2014. Epithelial ovarian cancer accounts for approximately 80% of all ovarian cancers. Epithelial ovarian cancer is a highly heterogeneous tumor originating from the Mullerian ducts and mainly includes plasmacytoma, which can be classified into high-grade plasmacytoma and low-grade plasmacytoma, clear cell carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma, etc. Various types of ovarian cancer, in terms of stage distribution (clear cell carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma are more likely to occur in early stages), tissue origin (precancerous lesions) and molecular genetics and staging. Plasmacytoid ovarian cancer 1. High-grade plasmacytoid ovarian cancer (HGSC): polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are recommended for ovarian cancer patients carrying BRCA mutations. 2. Low-grade plasmacytoid ovarian cancer (LGSC): Since patients with LGSC are often positive for ER/PR, hormonal therapy may have some antitumor activity in patients with recurrent LGSC. Clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) Preclinical and phase I clinical trials have demonstrated that PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors can overcome chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Estrogen and progestin therapy is ineffective in patients with OCCC; whole-pelvis radiotherapy may be effective in patients with OCCC. In addition, bevacizumab is an option for VEGF-positive individuals. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma NCCN guidelines recommend intravenous carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy for all patients with stage IA differentiation grade 3 or stage IB and IC differentiation grade 2-3 after staging or after tumor cytoreductive surgery, while intraperitoneal chemotherapy is considered for all patients with stage II-IV. Hormonal therapy may be considered for endometrioid adenocarcinoma, especially in patients with recurrence, and if recurrence is controlled, patients may be offered a second chance for reduction. Mucinous cystic adenocarcinoma Lymphadenectomy is not recommended for early stage mucinous cystic adenocarcinoma, and fluorouracil therapy may be a reasonable option. Endometrial cancer Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common female malignancy in European and North American countries, accounting for 6% of new cancer cases and 3% of all cancer deaths each year. In recent years, the incidence has been on the rise worldwide. 75% of endometrial cancers are early stage (FIGO stage I/II) at the time of diagnosis and the 5-year survival rate is about 74-91%, while the 5-year survival rate for FIGO stage III or IV endometrial cancer is about 57-66% and 20-26%, respectively. Based on clinical manifestations, endocrine and metabolic characteristics and epidemiological data, endometrial cancer is currently divided into two types of pathogenesis: type I is estrogen-dependent and type II is non-estrogen-dependent. Type I endometrial cancer The close relationship between obesity and endometrial cancer, metformin has been shown to show superior efficacy in the fight against endometrial cancer. Studies have shown that the rapamycin target protein (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus can benefit patients with advanced or metastatic endometrial cancer and may be used as a second- or third-line agent in the treatment of advanced endometrial cancer. Type II endometrial cancer Trastuzumab for HER2 overexpression in patients with progressive and recurrent metastatic endometrial cancer has shown a response, with only a few case reports. the GOG study did not find an association between HER2 overexpression and amplification and tumor response, PFS or OS, ultimately leading to early closure of the study . Although activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is present in endometrial cancer, clinical studies have confirmed that patients do not benefit from monotherapy targeting disruption of this pathway . Cervical cancer 1. cervical malignant adenoma (AM) Because of the rarity of this disease, there is no uniform standard treatment plan, and surgery is considered the main treatment method, but the scope of surgery reported in the literature varies, and radical extensive hysterectomy is recommended. As for the effect of adjuvant treatment such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is no way to prove because the cases are rare. 2. Small cell carcinoma of the cervix (SCCC) Because of the low incidence of SCCC, it is difficult to collect a large number of cases for prospective randomized controlled clinical studies to develop a complete and satisfactory treatment plan. Among the treatment options for early stage SCCC, radical hysterectomy is one of the important treatment options. 3. Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix (CCAC) In terms of treatment, a similar approach to that of the common invasive cervical cancer is recommended, with surgery being the mainstay, but special attention must be paid to the preservation of fertility in young women, with postoperative radiotherapy/chemotherapy depending on the patient’s condition. 4.Malignant melanoma There is no mature and standard treatment plan for cervical malignant melanoma, and often draws on the treatment plan for other parts of malignant melanoma. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are recommended for advanced cases. In conclusion, tumor is a class of diseases with high heterogeneity at the molecular level, and it has become inevitable to use molecular typing based on the pathological type of tumor as clinical staging, traditional pathological typing and grading. It will help clinicians to judge the biological behavior of tumors more precisely, estimate the prognosis, and provide a basis for patients to choose or study more targeted and personalized treatment plans, so that patients can obtain the best treatment effect and improve tumor survival.