The prevalence of urinary stones in our population is 1-5%, and up to 5-10% in the south, with an annual new incidence of about 150-200/100,000 people. Urolithiasis is a global disease. The incidence of urinary stones in China has not decreased, and the total number of incidences has been increasing with the growing population. I. The occurrence of stones has the following characteristics: 1. Age characteristics: the peak age of onset of urinary stones patients is between 25-40 years old, and there are two peaks in women, namely 25-40 years old and 50-65 years old. The presence of the second peak may be related to menopause and osteoporosis in women. Kidney and ureteral stones are mostly seen in young adults aged 20-40 years, accounting for about 70% of cases, while bladder and urethral stones occur mostly in children under 10 years of age and in older patients over 50 years of age. 2, gender characteristics: the incidence of urinary stones is higher in men than in women. Female patients are gradually increasing, and the gender ratio of incidence is gradually decreasing. The ratio of men to women with upper urinary tract stones is similar or slightly more men than women, while there are significantly more men than women with lower urinary tract stones, and the gender differences between men and women are different in urban and rural areas. 3. North-south characteristics: There are obvious geographical differences in the geographical distribution of urinary stones in China. The incidence is high in the south, with higher incidence in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shandong, Hunan, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces. The incidence is low in the northern region. 4, type characteristics: the incidence of bladder stones has decreased significantly, but the incidence of upper urinary tract stones has an increasing trend. In the past 50 years, with the development of China’s economic situation, the people’s diet structure and lifestyle have changed dramatically, and the incidence of urinary stones and the age composition of patients have also changed significantly. Specifically, the number of patients with lower urinary tract stones has decreased sharply, the number of patients with upper urinary tract stones has increased significantly, and the number of patients with upper urinary tract stones in middle-aged and middle-aged people has increased, while the number of patients with primary bladder stones in pediatric patients has decreased significantly. 5, seasonal characteristics: the peak incidence of urinary stones is concentrated in summer. 6, high recurrence rate: 5 years recurrence rate is 50%, 10 years recurrence rate is 100%. 7, occupational factors: surgeons, pilots and chefs working in high temperature conditions, they have a higher incidence. In addition, the incidence of urinary stones is significantly higher in people who are engaged in lead work than in the control group. Second, the risk factors for stone formation: The main cause of stone formation is diet. It is caused by excessive intake of relevant components in the diet that can form stones. The formation process of kidney stones is caused by certain factors that increase the concentration or decrease the solubility of crystalline substances in the urine, which are supersaturated, precipitating crystals and growing and aggregating locally, and finally forming stones. 1, dietary factors: with the improvement of our people’s living standards, people’s diet and life patterns have changed, eat well and exercise less, resulting in excessive storage of fat, increased sugar eggs, white matter in excess, it is easy to form stones. In addition, the deterioration of the environment, the pollution of water quality is also very important reason. 2, partial eating habits: regional eating habits caused by excessive intake of certain types of food caused by a large accumulation of oxalic acid in the body, resulting in the formation of stones, 3, living environment: urinary stones in some areas of the prevalence of factors such as geography, climate, water and dietary habits. Hot weather, sweating, concentrated urine water and diet contain too much mineral components such as oxalate, urate, etc., easily cause the occurrence of stones. Such as summer is the season of high incidence of stone disease, long-term stay in the outdoor activities of the group will still lose more water in the body, after a lot of sweating, urine will be concentrated, urine crystals are more likely to deposit, resulting in stone production. 4, mental, gender, genetic factors: in modern industrialized society, the incidence of stones is higher in people with high occupational tension, which may be related to the malfunction of the pituitary gland of the hypothalamus on the regulation of urine concentration and composition. The incidence of urinary stones is much lower in women than in men, probably related to the higher concentration of raffinate in women’s urine, which helps prevent the aggregation of crystals in the urine. Only cystine and uric acid stones are more clearly associated with genetics, and no genetic factors are found in the majority of stone patients.