Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease. Also known as tremor paralysis, it is the most common degenerative disease of the central nervous system in middle-aged and elderly people. It got its name because a British doctor named Parkinson first described the symptoms, which include dyskinesia, tremor and muscle rigidity. The APDA calls people who start the disease at an age younger than 40 years young with Parkinson’s disease. Tremor refers to trembling and shaking of the head and limbs, and paresthesia refers to the inability to move a part or all of a limb on its own. Parkinson’s syndrome Parkinson’s syndrome. It is a degenerative disease of the substantia nigra and substantia nigra striata pathways that occurs in adults over middle age. The APDA calls people who start the disease at an age younger than 40 years young with Parkinson’s disease. The cause of primary tremor palsy is not yet known, and about 10% of patients have a family history; some patients can be affected by encephalitis, cerebral arteriosclerosis, traumatic brain injury, hypoparathyroidism, carbon monoxide, manganese, mercury, cyanide, reserpine, phenothiazine poisoning and antidepressants (methylamine oxidase inhibitors, etc.) can cause Parkinson’s syndrome, which is similar to Parkinson’s disease. Multi-system atrophy Multi-system atrophy. English name: MSA. the main clinical manifestations include Parkinson’s syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic dysfunction. The disease starts in middle age, progresses gradually, has a poor prognosis, and there is no targeted treatment. The disease and Parkinson’s disease are easily confused and difficult to differentiate. MSA is a difficult problem in the field of neurology, both in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Before doing DBS surgery, MSA must be excluded, otherwise there will be a sudden deterioration of the disease after surgery and accelerated towards the end stage. Hereditary degenerative Parkinson’s syndrome Hereditary degenerative Parkinson’s syndrome. Examples include Wilson’s disease, Lewy’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Hallervorden-Spatz’s disease, olivopontocerebellar degeneration, spinal cerebellar degeneration, Fahr’s syndrome, familial Parkinson’s syndrome with peripheral neuropathy, and neuropontocytosis. Parkinsonian superimposed syndrome (Parkinsonism-Plus). Also known as symptomatic Parkinson’s syndrome, it is a group of extrapyramidal pathologies that have the basic manifestations of Parkinson’s disease, but with different etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. Secondary parkinsonian syndromes Secondary parkinsonian syndromes. Examples (1 Infections: encephalitis, lentiviral infections, etc.2 Vascular: cerebral atherosclerosis, multiple cerebral infarction, hypotensive shock.3 Drugs: phenothiazines, butylphenols, antidepressants (monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic inhibitors), etc.4 Toxins: MPTP, carbon monoxide, manganese, mercury, carbon disulfide, methanol, ethanol.5 Trauma: traumatic brain injury, boxing encephalopathy.6 Other: thyroid/parathyroid dysfunction, intracranial occupying lesions, positive pressure hydrocephalus). Vascular Parkinson’s syndrome Vascular Parkinsonism (VP). It is a disease caused by cerebrovascular factors as the etiology. It is clinically characterized by asymmetrical hypertonia, panic gait, dullness, absence of resting tremor and poor efficacy of levodopa. With the increasing incidence of cerebrovascular disease in recent years, the number of patients with this disease has increased accordingly. The clinical diagnosis of VP should be based on a comprehensive analysis of medical history, symptoms, signs, imaging examinations, and evaluation of drug efficacy. Other causes of Parkinson’s syndrome should also be excluded. It has been confirmed that Parkinson’s disease (PD) can be complicated by cerebral infarction, especially lacunar infarction of the striatum. Although some PD patients have vascular damage to the basal ganglia and white matter of the brain, all damage is mild. End-of-dose phenomenon “end-of-dose phenomenon”. The drug effect is maintained for an increasingly short period of time, initially lasting 3D4 hours, slowly, only 2 hours, and in the later stages of drug use, the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease deteriorate. This phenomenon accounts for 6.54% of all medication users.