Schwarzenegger is fat or muscle type male? Is normal weight normal body shape? The body composition analysis is not used in the gym, why is also available in the hospital? I. BMI and its defects People have long recognized that the evaluation of a person’s body type can not only look at weight, but also combined with height, so there is the concept of body mass index. Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight (kg) / height 2 (m), such as my own BMI = 63 (kg) / 1.682 (m) = 22.3. This index takes into account weight and height, normal people and inpatients can use BMI to roughly assess health and nutritional status, as shown in the table below. In addition, according to the newly released Asia-Pacific obesity standards, a BMI of 18.5 to 23 is considered normal, 23 to 25 is overweight, and 25 or more is considered obese. Some scholars believe that the new standard is more suitable for the Asia-Pacific population. BMI had been used to guide clinical practice for a long time, for example, inpatients with BMI <18.5< span=""> were considered to be at nutritional risk and required nutritional support [2]; obese patients could be classified by BMI so that appropriate treatment measures could be selected. However, the use of BMI to evaluate body size is not accurate and can sometimes lead to embarrassing misconceptions. Below is a picture of Schwarzenegger when he was young, and according to media reports his BMI was 33, so we can’t consider him obese! The flaw of BMI is that it does not distinguish whether the weight is derived from fat, muscle or other components, and this is obviously necessary to distinguish. Second, the body composition analysis Measure the content of different components of the human body such as muscle and fat, that is, the body composition (body composition) analysis. To accurately measure the body muscle, fat content can be used dual-energy X-ray absorption method or MRI, CT scan calculation, these two methods are expensive, time-consuming, generally only used for scientific research. The really commonly used body composition analyzer is the measurement using bioelectrical impedance analysis, which takes advantage of the differences in the electrical conductivity of different components of the human body (fat conducts poorly, muscle conducts well) and combines data on gender, age, height, weight, etc. to estimate the proportion of different components of the human body, such as muscle and fat [3]. Body composition analyzers used in fitness places or hospitals have four electrodes (both hands and feet), which can more accurately estimate the composition of each component of the limbs and trunk, and calculate the intracellular and extracellular water, subcutaneous and visceral fat, and by calculating the muscle content of the left and right upper limbs can also easily determine whether you are left-handed or right-handed. The home body composition analyzer (commonly known as fat scale) has only two electrodes and can roughly estimate the ratio of muscle, fat and water. Third, fat rate and fat body mass index In writing this paragraph, I am very unsure of the bottom line, because fat rate and fat body mass index, two very important parameters actually have no accepted normal reference value. These two indicators are related to ethnicity, gender and age, and even under the same conditions, there are considerable differences in the reports. I can only combine the literature and my limited experience to give a most appropriate range for people aged 19-35 years. Adiposity is the ratio of fat to body weight, which can be read directly from the body composition analyzer. There is no universally accepted normal standard for fat percentage, it can be considered that 12% to 22% for adult males and 20% to 30% for females is more appropriate, but the reference range provided by different body composition analyzer manufacturers can vary greatly. As mentioned earlier, fat rate is related to race, gender and age. For men and women of the same body type, the fat rate of women is usually 5% to 8% higher than that of men, and it is the higher fat rate that gives women their rounded curves. As age increases, the fat rate usually increases gradually and its normal reference range gradually moves up. It can be assumed that adiposity reflects the degree of obesity, while FFMI reflects the degree of robustness. After using FFMI and fat rate, it is not accurate enough if we still classify people as simply fat and thin. Take men as an example, we can divide them into 9 types according to their body type as follows: 1. The various titles in the table are just to illustrate the way FFMI and fat rate are evaluated, and there is no intention to discriminate against readers of various body types; 2. The “muscular male” body type is what most people are looking for, but the lower the fat rate is, the better, especially for women, if the fat rate is extremely low, serious endocrine disorders may occur, which can be harmful to health; 3. These people have significantly less muscle and more fat (especially visceral fat), are weak and less active, and are more likely to have hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and have a significantly increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular events. IV. Body composition analysis of patients Patients’ weight changes may be more complex than those of healthy people, such as in cirrhosis or intra-abdominal tumors leading to ascites when they show weight gain, but the overall nutritional status of the patient is significantly worse. Body composition analysis can measure water content, muscle volume and fat reserves respectively, which can give patients more targeted nutritional support treatment and rehabilitation guidance, so for nutritional diseases (such as obesity, severe malnutrition) as well as the disease itself or its treatment may affect the nutritional status (such as malignant tumor, inflammatory bowel disease, before and after all kinds of major surgery, organ transplantation, some infectious diseases, etc.) should be monitored as needed Dynamic monitoring of body composition changes in order to give more reasonable nutritional interventions. Reduced FFMI is an important indicator of the prognosis of chronic heart failure [12]; in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), FFMI <16< span=""> in men or FFMI <15< span=""> in women is an independent risk factor for increased mortality in hospitalized patients. Body composition analysis allows screening of high-risk patients for more rational treatment. Body composition analysis can also be helpful in rationalizing medication use. All drugs that require weight-based dosing, such as hormones, immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine, infliximab, etc.), and anesthetic drugs should be calibrated by body composition analysis, but research in this area is not yet advanced. Our scholars have also found that it is more reasonable to use lean body weight for obese patients to calculate the amount of anesthetic drugs with less impact on circulation, lower incidence of adverse reactions, and faster awakening. The use of body composition analyzers to determine body composition is fast and non-invasive, and I hope that readers will not be satisfied with the determination of height and weight for their next physical examination. Hospitals and departments that are in a position to do so should also carry out body composition analysis, which is meaningful for accurately assessing the nutritional status of patients and guiding treatment. The general surgery department of Southern Hospital, where I work, has acquired a special body composition analyzer, which is currently used for nutritional monitoring of gastrointestinal tumor and obese patients, accumulating valuable experience and providing a basis for individualized treatment of patients. The next physical examination should not be satisfied with the measurement of height and weight. Hospitals and departments with conditions should also carry out body composition analysis, which is meaningful for accurately assessing patients’ nutritional status and guiding treatment. The Department of General Surgery of Southern Hospital, where I work, has acquired a special body composition analyzer, which is currently used for nutritional monitoring of gastrointestinal tumor and obese patients, accumulating valuable experience and providing a basis for individualized treatment of patients.