1.Effective fixation of biological fixation. 2.Osseous implantation: autologous cancellous bone graft can provide a certain amount of bone cells and also has osteoinduction and osteoconduction effects. The disadvantage is that the source of bone graft is limited, which increases the patient’s pain and postoperative pain at the bone extraction site, infection and defect. Bone grafts with vascular tips are the most effective, but they are technically demanding and also damage the normal site. Allogeneic bone or allogeneic bone often requires special treatment and storage conditions, poor stimulation of osteogenesis, difficulty in combining with host bone, and problems such as immune reaction and transmission of disease. Liu Jie, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital 3. Bone marrow transplantation: A theory proposed as early as 1919, bone marrow transplantation to promote osteogenesis has received renewed attention in recent years. Experimental and clinical application results prove that this method has similar efficacy to autologous bone grafting, and has the advantages of simple method, light injury, and can be performed on an outpatient basis. Bone marrow fluid contains a series of cells with osteogenic potential, which can be separated by centrifugation and purification to obtain a higher osteogenic effect. For bone defect sites often need to be applied in combination with carriers, but the amount, time and frequency of injection need to be further studied. 4, the application of bone growth factors: in many growth factors, bone morphogenetic protein (referred to as BMP) research is the fastest progress. In recent years, the purification and gene cloning of BMP has been completed, but also through different purification methods to obtain different physicochemical properties and dose-effect relationship of the protein. So far, 15 BMPs have been identified, among which BMP2 and BMP7 (i.e. osteogenic protein OP-1) have been the most studied experimentally and clinically. Since highly purified human BMPs can be produced by recombinant DNA technology, it is more conducive to further research work. In recent years, its clinical application has been increasingly reported, and it is mostly used in combination with different vectors for the treatment of bone defects with bone discontinuity. It has been shown that subperiosteal injection of transfer growth factor β (TGFβ) can induce endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification, and there is evidence that the joint use of several growth factors has a stronger effect than that of single factors. However, the clinical application of exogenous growth factors also has problems with the source of factors, their high cost and their immune and toxic side effects. 5.Osteoconduction method: For larger bone defects with bone discontinuity, appropriate materials must be used including each bone grafting to promote osteogenesis. The mechanical properties, integration with the host bone and later replacement should be considered for large bone graft. Among the ceramic materials, interpore, a crystalline hydroxyapatite made from coral calcium carbonate, and collagraft, a collagen-based product with hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and fibrous collagen, have been tested in clinical trials. The efficacy of the above three materials can be comparable to autologous bone grafting, such as with bone marrow fluid or growth factors, the effect is even better, but artificial bone also has material absorption, residual material on bone cell metabolism, bone shaping and mechanical properties of the impact of the problem. 6, mechanical pressure stimulation: some scholars believe that a small amount of activity at the fracture end can produce more inflammation, which is conducive to the growth of bone scabs. However, the degree of local activity is not easy to grasp, and excessive activity will lead to bone discontinuity. Early compression fixation of the fracture end can eliminate the gap between the bone ends and enhance stability. Experimental evidence suggests that the stability of the fracture end is conducive to fracture repair. However, compression plates will interfere with normal fracture repair, and there is a risk of re-fracture after removal of internal fixation. In addition, continuous fixation with external fixators for long diaphyseal fractures often slows down the repair of the fracture in the middle and late stages. For this reason, it has been advocated that a flexible external fixator should be used in the middle and late stages of fracture repair, and that moderate dynamic axial compression during fracture healing may accelerate bone attachment, a view that seems to be accepted by most scholars. Muscle contraction exercises during plaster fixation, weight-bearing exercises for upper and lower extremity fractures, and internal fixation with dynamic compression are all beneficial to fracture healing, but the duration, magnitude, and intensity of compression need to be further studied.