Those who have not conceived for one year after marriage, and those who have not taken contraceptive measures for one year after miscarriage or full-term delivery without further pregnancy are infertile. The causes of infertility are as follows: ◆ Semen abnormalities: no sperm, less sperm, poor sperm motility, poor semen liquefaction ◆ Immune infertility: anti-sperm antibodies, anti-ovarian antibodies, anti-endometrial antibodies ◆ Anovulation ◆ Obstruction of fallopian tubes, so that sperm and eggs cannot rendezvous. Endometrial abnormalities