1. Clinical manifestations of cerebellar herniation: (1) increased intracranial pressure: manifested by increased headache, frequent vomiting, and restlessness, suggesting aggravation of the disease; (2) impaired consciousness: the patient gradually develops impaired consciousness, from drowsiness and haziness to light coma and coma, and is unresponsive or absent to external stimuli, as a result of the involvement of the brainstem reticular system; (3) pupillary changes: initially, there may be a brief period of (3) Pupillary changes: Initially, there may be a brief narrowing of the affected pupil, but it is not easily detected. (3) Pupillary changes: Initially, the pupil on the affected side may be narrowed for a short period of time, but this is not easily detected. Later, the pupil on that side gradually dilates, and the light emission is blunted and disappears, indicating that the parasympathetic fibers in the dorsal part of the motor nerve are damaged. In the late stage, the pupils are dilated bilaterally, the light reflex disappears, and the eye is immobilized; (4) Cone bundle sign: Due to the compression of the affected cerebral peduncle, there is weakness or paralysis of the contralateral limb, increased muscle tone, hyperactive tendon reflexes, and positive pathological reflexes. Sometimes, the brainstem is pushed to the contralateral side, so that the contralateral cerebral peduncle is squeezed against the free edge of the cerebellar curtain, resulting in ipsilateral cone bundle signs of cerebral herniation, which need to be analyzed with attention to avoid the error of defining the side of the lesion; (5) changes in vital signs: manifested as increased blood pressure, slow and strong pulse, deep and slow respiration, and increased body temperature. In the late stage, the vital center gradually fails, tidal or sigh-like breathing occurs, the pulse is weak, blood pressure and body temperature drop; finally, respiration stops, followed by cardiac arrest. Clinical manifestations of foramen magnum herniation: (1) Suboccipital pain, strong collar or forced head position: the herniated tissue compresses the nerve roots in the upper cervical region, or the sensitive nerve endings in the meninges or vascular wall of the foramen magnum are stretched, which may cause suboccipital pain. (2) increased intracranial pressure: manifested as severe headache, frequent vomiting, and optic nerve papillary edema in patients with chronic brain herniation; (3) posterior group brain nerve involvement: due to the downward shift of the brainstem, the posterior group brain nerves are stretched, or due to brainstem compression, symptoms such as vertigo and hearing loss occur; (4) vital signs (4) Vital signs change: in chronic herniation, the change of vital signs is not obvious; in acute herniation, the change of vital signs is significant, and respiratory and circulatory disorders occur rapidly, starting with slowed respiration, rapid pulse rate, decreased blood pressure, and soon tidal breathing and respiratory arrest, and if no measures are taken, the heartbeat will soon stop. Compared with cerebellar herniation, occipital foramen magnum herniation is characterized by earlier onset of vital sign changes and later onset of pupillary changes and impaired consciousness. Clinical manifestations of subgaleal herniation: As the brain tissue on the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere is softened and necrosed, symptoms such as mild paralysis of the contralateral lower limb and urinary disorders appear. It is generally not easy to diagnose in vivo.