The current trends in surgical treatment of esophageal cancer in China are surgical expansion, minimally invasive, mechanization, universalization, individualization and integration. Minimally invasive stems from the use of esophageal anastomoses, closures and ultrasonic knife and thoracoscopic instruments, as well as the improvement of surgical skills. For example, patients with early stage invasion of esophageal mucosa are given endoscopic mucosal resection; patients with early and middle stage are given thoracoscopic and laparoscopic surgery (minimally invasive surgery); patients with middle and late stage are given two right posterior and lateral incisions to completely clear the lymph nodes in the esophageal drainage area in the chest and abdomen; patients with obvious external invasion or more lymph node metastases are given radiotherapy before surgery, and then radiotherapy or chemotherapy + chemotherapy is given after surgery according to the surgical resection. After surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy + radiotherapy will be given according to the surgical resection.