Effects of coffee Drinking coffee, especially unfiltered coffee (such as espresso), raises cholesterol levels, including LDH (cholesterol that is harmful to the body); also, as a stimulant, it can increase the production of adrenal hormones. However, overall, coffee consumption plays a protective role against heart disease. It has been shown that drinking coffee can reduce the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson’s, and gallstones. However, coffee consumption is associated with the development of osteoporosis and fibrocystic breast disease. Drinking coffee may also affect fertility. The occurrence of juvenile malignant central nervous system tumors has been found to be associated with maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy. Coffee consumption also slightly increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers. However, coffee reduces the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, as well as cancers of the liver, kidney, endometrium, and large intestine. Experiments in rats have demonstrated that substances such as caffeol contained in coffee have a protective effect against aflatoxin B1 and heterocyclic amine mutagenic damage. The consumption of these coffee components in humans can reduce the incidence of colon tumors. Caffeine, caffeic acid, phytoestrogens (fenugreek), various polyphenols, and aromatic compounds contained in coffee are also thought to play an impact in the coffee-cancer correlation. Relationship between coffee and breast cancer The relationship between coffee drinking and breast cancer has been reported with varying results, with some suggesting a positive association, others a negative association, and some suggesting no association at all. However, differences in genetics or other factors cause different women to respond differently to coffee. Population studies with large samples may mask individual differences in women, for example, coffee consumption may reduce the incidence of breast cancer in some women, but it may also increase the incidence of breast cancer in a certain group of women. One study found a statistically significant positive association between the amount of caffeine taken and hormone receptor-negative (ER-/PR-) disease and breast tumors larger than 2 cm in diameter in women with benign breast disease. The implication is that women with fibrocystic breast disease should avoid coffee. Several studies have found that coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in women with mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. The effect of coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer development depends in part on the genotype of CYP1A2, regardless of whether one is a BRCA gene carrier. the CYP1A2 gene plays a crucial role in the metabolism of estrogen, coffee. As with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, a woman’s CYP1A2 genotype can only be detected by genetic testing, and this gene is not expressed under normal conditions. Heavy coffee consumption increases the expression of the CYP1A2 gene, which encodes a member of the family of cytochrome enzymes P450. Coffee has been shown to have a protective effect on C allele carriers by reducing breast cancer incidence through a reduction in breast volume. Coffee has also been shown to slow the growth of ER+ tumors in women with the CYP1A2*1F A / A genotype. A Swedish study found that coffee consumption reduced the risk of breast cancer in women with a lean body type and had the opposite effect in women with a heavy body type. Conclusions from studies examining coffee and the risk of breast cancer in women of different menopausal status are contradictory. For premenopausal women, reduced, increased, or no association of coffee with breast cancer risk has been reported. In contrast, for postmenopausal women, a reduced risk of breast cancer has been reported, as well as no association. Studies that have attempted to examine coffee and the risk of breast cancer by hormone receptor status have also had mixed results. However, some reports suggest that coffee consumption by premenopausal women increases or decreases the risk of ER-breast cancer. Coffee may reduce the effectiveness of adriamycin (Adriamycin) and other anthracycline chemotherapy due to the caffeine it contains. Conclusions Based on the available evidence, women with benign breast disease should avoid coffee, while women with BRCA1or BRCA2 gene mutations may be able to consume it and potentially reduce their risk of invasive breast cancer. For most postmenopausal women, coffee consumption appears to be safe, including breast cancer survivors. For women who do not carry the BRCA gene mutation before menopause, the potential risks of excessive coffee consumption appear to outweigh the potential benefits and coffee consumption should be limited. Coffee and other caffeine-rich beverages should not be consumed during anthracycline chemotherapy. This is the conclusion we currently offer for the information of coffee drinkers. However, more studies are needed to clarify the correlation between coffee and the risk and prognosis of breast cancer development.