Surgical treatment of meningioma on the slope of the rock bone

  Meningioma of the rocky slope refers to the area enclosed by the pterygoid, temporal and occipital bones, and can be subdivided into meningioma of the cavernous sinus, meningioma of the middle cranial fossa, meningioma of the cerebral pontine cerebellar angle, meningioma of the rocky tip, meningioma of the slope, and meningioma of the greater occipital foramen area. Tumors located in the upper 2/3 slope of the posterior cranial fossa and the crest of the rock bone within the internal auditory canal are difficult to operate because of their deep location and their close proximity to important structures such as the posterior group of cerebral nerves, the basilar artery and its branches, the cerebellar hemispheres, and the brain stem.    The tumor is divided into three types according to the site of occurrence, direction of growth, clinical manifestations and surgical access: 1. Slope type: The tumor grows from the arachnoid cells grouped in the dura mater of the rocky bone slope fissure and develops to the opposite side in the midline. The tumor is mainly located in the middle and upper slope, compressing the midbrain , cerebral bridge backward. It is supplied by the meningeal pituitary trunk, meningeal branch of middle meningeal artery and slope branch of vertebral artery.  The tumor is mainly located in the mid-slope and cerebellar bridge angle. The tumor is mainly supplied by the meningeal pituitary trunk, occipital branch of vertebral artery and slope branch of occipital artery.  3. Pterygoid slope type: The tumor grows from the slope fissure of pterygoid bone, extends laterally to the paracranial saddle, middle cranial fossa and tip of rock bone, and develops to the dorsal saddle through the fissure of cerebellar curtain. Cerebral angiography shows that meningeal pituitary trunk, meningeal branch of middle meningeal artery and slope branch of pharyngeal ascending artery participate in blood supply.  Meningiomas of the posterior cranial fossa account for 10% of all intracranial meningiomas. Meningiomas of the posterior fossa account for about 50% of meningiomas of the rocky slope and are more common in women than in men, with a female:male ratio of about 2:1.  Meningiomas of the rocky bone and slope are benign tumors with a long history, mostly over 2 years. The clinical manifestations are: 1. headache: headache is mostly limited to the top of occipital area. 2.  2.Increased intracranial pressure: Most of the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure appear in late stage.  3.Multi-group brain nerve damage symptoms: the nerves susceptible to involvement are the oculogyric nerve, trigeminal nerve, facial and auditory nerves and the spreading nerve, often manifested as: ptosis, hearing loss, facial numbness, trigeminal neuralgia and diplopia, etc.  4. Symptoms of cerebellar damage: gait stumbling, ataxia, etc.  5.Involvement of vertebral artery and basilar artery may manifest dizziness and tinnitus.  6.Individuals may show cavernous sinus syndrome and rocky tip syndrome (pain behind the eye, spreading nerve palsy).  After surgical treatment, the following complications may occur: cranial nerve and brainstem injury, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage, intraoperative and postoperative hemorrhage, intracranial infection, hydrocephalus, and cerebellar injury.  With the development of microscopic techniques, the mortality and complications of rocky-slope meningioma surgery are decreasing year by year, and the cause of death may be related to brainstem injury.