Oral and maxillofacial tumors are divided into benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors generally grow slowly and can exist for decades and weigh up to several kilograms, such as mixed tumors of the parotid gland. Benign tumors grow in an expansive manner, have an envelope and are clearly demarcated from the surrounding tissues, and generally have no conscious symptoms and do not metastasize to lymph nodes, so they are less harmful to patients. If they grow in important parts, such as the root of the tongue and soft palate, they can also have difficulty in breathing and swallowing and threaten people’s lives. Malignant tumors are divided into carcinoma and sarcoma, which are generally fast-growing, without envelope, with unclear boundaries and fixed masses. Oral cancer can be clinically manifested as ulcerative type, exophytic type and infiltrative type. Sarcoma mostly starts from deep tissues, and is a lump with indistinct boundary, hard texture and immovable at early stage, which grows rapidly and breaks down after growing up due to lack of local nutrition or infection. Malignant tumors invade nerves and cause pain, numbness, facial palsy, etc., and cause restricted mouth opening, etc. For the treatment of tumor, first of all, we should establish the view of comprehensive and multidisciplinary treatment. For some difficult cases, medical personnel from different disciplines such as oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, diagnostic imaging, pathology and Chinese medicine should participate in the discussion together to develop a more reasonable treatment method according to the characteristics of the patient, because the first treatment is often the key to cure. Benign tumors are generally treated by surgery and sent for pathological examination. If malignant changes are confirmed, they should be treated as malignant tumors. Malignant tumors should be treated according to the tissue source, growth site, degree of differentiation, development speed, clinical stage, patient’s physical condition and other comprehensive studies before choosing the appropriate treatment. Tissue origin: Tumors of lymphohematopoietic origin, such as lymphoma, are sensitive to radiotherapy and are often multiple and have extensive metastasis, so a comprehensive treatment based on radiotherapy and Chinese herbal medicine is used. Osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma (except embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), malignant melanoma, etc. are generally insensitive to radiotherapy and should be treated mainly with surgery, which can be supplemented with chemotherapy. Degree of cell differentiation: Tumors with better cell differentiation (those with lower malignancy) are insensitive to radiotherapy and are often treated with surgery. Those with poorly differentiated cells or undifferentiated cells (those with higher malignancy) are sensitive to radiotherapy and should be treated with radiotherapy. Growth and invasion site: Tumors located deep in the maxillofacial area or near the skull base are more difficult to operate and bring serious functional impairment to patients after surgery, radiotherapy should be considered first. Those with shallow sites, however, are easy to operate and have good rectification effect, and are mostly treated by surgery.