Spontaneous pneumothorax is the most common complication of pulmonary maculoplasm, followed by infection and spontaneous hemopneumothorax. 1.Spontaneous pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum can have no symptoms. When the pressure suddenly increases during sudden exertion, such as violent cough, heavy lifting or sports, the pulmonary blister ruptures and gas enters the pleural cavity from the lung, forming spontaneous pneumothorax, there may be difficulty in breathing, shortness of breath, panic, rapid pulse, etc. The pneumothorax makes the negative pressure in the pleural cavity disappear, and the gas compresses the lung tissue so that it atrophies toward the hilum, and the degree of atrophy depends on the amount of gas entering the pleural cavity and the original pathology of the lung and pleura. The degree of atrophy depends on the amount of gas entering the chest cavity and the pathology of the original lesions of the lung and pleura. If the amount of gas entering the chest cavity is large and the original lesions of the lung tissue are light and the compliance is still good, the lung will atrophy more, sometimes up to 90% of one side of the chest cavity. If the patient has emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, long-term chronic infection of lung tissue, etc. in addition to pulmonary herpes, when the pulmonary herpes ruptures, although some of the gas enters the chest cavity, and the degree of lung tissue atrophy can be less, but because the patient’s original lung function has been reduced, the symptoms are also more serious. x-ray can be seen in the pneumothorax line formed by the compressed lung, and if there are adhesions, the pneumothorax line is irregular. After the rupture of the pulmonary blister, a small part of the fissure is small, and the fissure closes by itself after the lung tissue atrophy, the air leakage stops, the pneumothorax is gradually absorbed, the negative chest pressure is restored, and the lung reopening is healed. 2.Tension pneumothorax If the lung blister ruptures and forms a live valve, the negative pressure in the chest cavity increases when inhaling, the gas enters the chest cavity, and the live valve closes when exhaling, the gas cannot be discharged, especially when coughing, the airway pressure increases when the vocal valve closes, the gas enters the chest cavity, the vocal valve opens, the airway pressure decreases, the fissure closes again, and the amount of gas in the chest cavity increases with each breath and cough, forming a tension pneumothorax. In tension pneumothorax, the lung tissue on the affected side is completely atrophied and the mediastinum is pushed to the healthy side, while the lung tissue on the healthy side is also compressed and the large blood vessels of the heart are displaced and the large veins are distorted and deformed, which affects the blood return and causes serious obstruction to the respiratory circulation, and the patient may experience respiratory distress, rapid pulse, decreased blood pressure, and even asphyxia and shock. The affected side of the thorax is elevated, mostly accompanied by subcutaneous emphysema on the affected side, and the trachea is obviously displaced to the healthy side, which is critical and often requires emergency treatment. 3, spontaneous hemothorax Spontaneous hemothorax caused by pulmonary blister, most of the pulmonary blister or pulmonary tissue around the blister and the apex of the chest adhesions and adhesions tear activity bleeding. The small arteries in the adhesion zone can be up to 0.2 cm in diameter, and the vessels originate from the body circulation with high pressure, while the thoracic cavity is under negative pressure, which increases the tendency of bleeding. In addition, the bleeding is difficult to stop automatically because the blood in the thoracic cavity does not coagulate due to the defibrotic effect of lung, heart and diaphragm movements. Clinical symptoms may vary depending on the speed of bleeding. When bleeding is slow, patients may present with gradually increasing chest tightness, dyspnea, blunted diaphragm angle visible on X-ray, or parabolic images of pleural effusion. When the bleeding is rapid, there can be shock performance in a short period of time. 4, spontaneous hemopneumothorax When the adhesions between the pulmonary blister and the surrounding lung tissue and the chest wall are torn, if there is a rupture of blood vessels in the adhesion zone and the lung tissue is also damaged, spontaneous hemopneumothorax is formed. In recent years, some scholars pointed out that the amplitude of diaphragm activity may play a decisive role in the occurrence of spontaneous hemopneumothorax, and that the amplitude of diaphragm activity increases during strenuous activities such as rejection of air and force, resulting in a sudden direct or indirect pull on the adhesive band at the top of the chest. If the tear is on the wall side or central section of the cord, only a hemothorax will occur. The diaphragm is more active in long and lean young people, and because the pectoral muscles are more underdeveloped, they rely more on abdominal breathing, but after middle age the accumulation of fat in the abdominal cavity gradually increases, which limits the diaphragm activity to varying degrees, so even though the above pathological changes exist, they rarely develop. Women are predominantly thoracic breathers and have a lower incidence. The right lung is triple-lobed, and its lobe space plays a buffering role against violent downward pulls, and there is still a liver under the right lung, which may be the reason why the right side has less morbidity. Therefore, patients with spontaneous hemopneumothorax are characterized by young age, more males than females, more left side than right side, and more long and lean body type. Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax also occurs from time to time, mostly the left side first and the right side later, and in individual cases it occurs bilaterally at the same time, and the condition is critical and even life-threatening. 5.Pulmonary blister secondary infection In most cases, pulmonary blister occurs in the distal end of the bronchus above the eighth grade, and most of them are not infected, but if the draining bronchus is blocked and the bronchus of pulmonary blister is filled with inflammatory secretions, the patient may have fever, cough, cough and other symptoms of infection, and sometimes after anti-infection treatment, the clinical symptoms improve, but the signs of infection on chest X-ray can still last for a longer period of time.