What is the classification of spinal tumors? What is the common incision for lateral anterior approach for patients with thoracolumbar spine tumors? Answer:Spinal tumors can be divided into three major categories: primary benign tumors of the spine, primary malignant tumors and metastatic tumors of the spine. Commonly used incisions: 1. transthoracic incision for lesions from thoracic 4 to thoracic 12 vertebrae; 2. retroperitoneal incision for lesions in thoracic 12, lumbar 1 and 2; 3. renal incision for lesions below lumbar 2. What are the common spinal tumors? What are the comorbidities? Answer:Primary benign tumors commonly include giant cell tumor of bone, eosinophilic granuloma of bone, osteoid osteoma, neurofibroma, etc. The most common primary malignant tumor is myeloma, followed by osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, malignant lymphoma, and spinal cord tumor. Because of the location of spinal tumor and spinal nerve are closely related to each other, resulting in spinal cord and nerve root compression, corresponding sensory and motor disorders may occur, which may be combined with paraplegia, so the care of paraplegia is an important work in the care of spinal tumor patients. What instructions should be given to cervical spine tumor patients before surgery? Answer:First of all, we should do a good job in patient’s thinking and relieve their worries. Train the ability of sputum excretion, especially for patients with paraplegia and undivided respiratory muscle paralysis to perform bubble blowing exercises, train pulmonary respiratory function to improve lung capacity and prevent lung infection. What are the key points of pre- and post-operative care for spinal tumor patients? A:1. Pre-operative care: (1) Pre-operative antibiotics to prevent infection. (2) Leave urinary catheter in place before surgery. When moving, keep the spine straight to avoid spinal flexion and distortion that may aggravate spinal cord injury. For those who cannot defecate, preoperative laxatives and enemas are available. (3) Pre-operative understanding of the plane and degree of paraplegia for comparison with the post-operative period. 2, postoperative care: (1) Postoperative lying should be done, and the neutral position of the spine should be maintained after cervical spine surgery. Turning after thoracolumbar spine surgery should keep the spine rotating at the same time and not flexing and twisting. Getting up and moving should be performed according to medical advice. (2) Pay attention to breathing after cervical spine surgery, keep the airway open and be alert to respiratory paralysis. (3) Observe the blood leakage from the wound and whether the wound dressing is contaminated by urine, feces and blood. (4) Observe the recovery of paraplegia and any aggravation, including muscle strength, sensation, reflexes and urinary and fecal conditions. What are the key points of care before and after sacrectomy surgery? Answer:1.Pre-operative preparation and care for good intestinal preparation: take intestinal antibiotics two days before surgery, clean enema before surgery, and leave urinary catheter in place. 2.Post-operative care: (1)Because sacrocolpopexy bleeds more, patients should be closely observed after surgery, vital signs should be measured, and fluids and blood should be transfused according to medical prescription. (2) Drainage tube negative pressure suction, record the amount and nature of drainage fluid, observe the wound blood leakage. Keep the wound clean and dry, avoid urine and feces from contaminating the dressing. (3) Avoid defecation for 3-5 days after surgery, later paraffin oil can be given orally to facilitate defecation. Continue to keep the urinary catheter after surgery to avoid urine contamination of the wound, and pay attention to urination after the catheter is removed. (4) Postoperative patients lie prone and side alternately to avoid pressure on the sacral wound. How to guide the functional exercise of tumor patients after amputation? Answer:After the wound is removed, patients with amputation should perform functional exercises for the stump: posterior extension, adduction and abduction of the hip joint. Give regular and even compression to the stump to promote the contraction of the soft tissue of the stump, in addition to massage and patting on the stump. Stomp on soft objects first, from soft to hard, and gradually increase the weight bearing of the stump. It can strengthen the toughness and muscle strength of the residual limb surface. Wrap with elastic bandage to facilitate future prosthesis installation. Usually the residual limb shrinks to the size of the original limb in 2-3 months. What are the common adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs? How to choose the blood vessels during chemotherapy and what to pay attention to in care? A: Adverse reactions 1. bone marrow suppression. 2. gastrointestinal reactions. 3. hair loss. 4. liver function damage. 5. renal function damage. 6. myocardial damage. Precautions: 1. Planned selection of blood vessels: chemotherapeutic drugs are irritating to blood vessels, easily causing vascular sclerosis and phlebitis. 2. During chemotherapy, close observation of changes in the condition is necessary. Patients should be frequently patrolled so that they can be dealt with in a timely manner when reactions occur. Local tissue necrosis caused by extravasation of chemotherapy drugs should be prevented during the infusion process. Once the drug leaks outside the blood vessel, immediately apply cold compress with ice bag, and in serious cases, apply wet compress with 50% magnesium sulfate. What are the common nursing problems of tumor patients? 1. fear and anxiety. 2. pain. 3. nutritional disorders – lower than body requirements. 4. somatic mobility disorders. 5. potential infection. 6. potential bleeding and hematoma. 7. risk of potential injury – pathological fracture. 8. postoperative temperature change. 9. fluid deficiency. What is the content of health education for bone tumor patients? 1.Physical and mental health: Patients should be made to maintain stable emotions, eliminate negative psychological reactions and build up confidence to overcome the disease. 2.Improve the quality of survival: Patients should be taught the importance of ensuring nutrient intake and enhancing resistance. 3.Guide patients to carry out functional exercise, which should be gradual and progressive to maximize patients’ ability to take care of themselves. 4.Instruct patients to pay attention to the doctor’s discharge instructions and return to the hospital on time. Review and chemotherapy, if special conditions and changes in the condition are found, they should follow up at any time.