When hematuria is found, the cause should be promptly identified. Many patients or doctors, without a clear diagnosis, give patients long-term medication, which is very common and deserves a high degree of vigilance. More than 95% of hematuria is due to diseases of the urinary tract itself. After urine is produced in the kidney, it is discharged through the kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra. Any type of benign or malignant disease in the above parts can cause hematuria, and the following diseases are common: ① various types of acute or chronic glomerulonephritis; ② urinary tract tumors, such as kidney cancer, renal pelvis cancer, bladder cancer and prostate cancer; ③ urinary tract infections; ④ urinary system stones; ⑤ renal tuberculosis; ⑥ systemic diseases, such as vitamin C and vitamin K deficiency. Such as vitamin C, vitamin K deficiency, blood diseases such as leukemia and hemophilia can cause hematuria; ⑦ kidney and urinary tract injury; ⑧ drug-related hematuria. The above are only the common causes of hematuria, in fact, the causes of hematuria are extremely complex, but no matter which cause of hematuria, from the urine routine is shown as an increase in the number of red blood cells, the doctor can not determine from the urine routine is caused by what, we must do further examination. After determining that it is hematuria, the local diagnosis of hematuria should be performed, that is, to distinguish whether the hematuria comes from the kidney parenchyma or from the urinary tract. The doctor will first ask you to check the urinary tract ultrasound, CT or urography, and if these tests do not find anything, the doctor may ask you to check the urinary red blood cell phase contrast microscopy again to observe the morphology of the red blood cells in the urine. If the morphology of the red blood cells is strange, varied, and significantly different in shape and size, it may be due to glomerular disease, while non-glomerular hematuria, in which the majority of red blood cells are normal in size, and only a small percentage are aberrant red blood cells. Many patients and doctors think that once this test is done, it is clear whether they have kidney disease or not, but things are not so simple. The results of this test are easily influenced by many factors, making the test results more variable, and many patients have this experience. This test has been done several times, and the results are often inconsistent, still not clear whether they have nephritis. Medical history can be very helpful in diagnosing hematuria. If hematuria is accompanied by painful urination, urgency and frequency, it is mostly due to urinary tract infection; if there was a history of medication in the weeks before the discovery of hematuria, it is important to consider whether the hematuria is caused by medication. When visual hematuria occurs, the presence of blood clots should be carefully observed. If blood or blood clots are found in the urine, it is almost certain that the hematuria is not caused by nephritis. Patients with hematuria should especially focus on excluding two major types of diseases, namely various nephritis and tumors. If red blood cell tubular pattern is found in the urine sediment, it means that the bleeding comes from the renal parenchyma; hematuria with more severe proteinuria is almost always glomerulonephritic hematuria. Some patients with hematuria feel good about themselves and have no discomfort at all, and the hematuria is very mild or faint. At this time, patients are often paralyzed and do not seek medical attention from renal specialists in time, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment, and years later, kidney function damage.