What can family members do to help when a seizure occurs? Anyone witnessing a seizure, especially when seeing one for the first time, may feel fearful, scared, helpless and helpless. For the family, friends and at the same time, having basic knowledge about epilepsy, recognizing the characteristics of different seizure types and the unsafe hazards they bring to the patient, observing the seizure correctly in the first place and giving the correct first aid will undoubtedly provide good help to the patient. A. Generalized tonic-clonic seizure: This is the main type of epilepsy that requires first aid and is characterized by loss of consciousness, falling, rigidity, and convulsions. Seizures may cause bruises, cuts, sprains, tongue bites and, in rare cases, fractures, joint dislocations or other serious injuries. For such patients. First aid measures for family members and witnesses are as follows: 1. Remain calm and pay attention to the duration and symptoms of the convulsive seizure. 2.Turn the patient’s head to the side with the head and corner of the mouth facing the ground to prevent excessive saliva or fluid from being accidentally swallowed or aspirated and to prevent posterior tongue drop and airway obstruction. 3.Do not place any objects into the patient’s mouth. The bite force is very strong sometimes it can bite off fingers or objects, etc. 4. Stay with the patient until he/she is fully awake and regains orientation. Do not restrain the patient after the seizure is over to avoid inducing excessive behavior in a confused state of consciousness after the seizure. Keep the patient in a safe environment and allow walking around. 5. If it is the patient’s first tonic-clonic seizure that lasts more than 5 minutes; if the state of consciousness does not return in the middle of successive seizures within a short period of time; if the patient still cannot regain consciousness after 10-15 seizures have stopped, call an ambulance promptly. 6, during and after the seizure, it is best to leave only 1-2 people to help, too many people will not only add to the chaos, but also increase the patient’s nervousness and embarrassment after waking up. 7. After the seizure is over and calmness is restored, do a good job of comforting and providing moral support. Second, complex partial seizures: most of them are accompanied by automatic behavior. They often manifest as immobility, staring, automatic movements such as groping with both hands, not talking or screaming, kicking and stomping, tearing paper, undressing, etc. Or they only manifest as impaired consciousness not able to respond to emotional and somatic stimuli. Patients may walk or run around during and after the seizure, therefore potential injury risk. First aid for complex partial seizures is to keep the patient away from danger, avoid injuries such as burns and fall injuries, and take restraints if necessary to ensure patient safety. If the seizure is prolonged (more than 5-10 minutes of impaired consciousness with automaticity), or if consciousness does not return in the middle of 2 or more complex partial seizures, medical help should be sought. Simple partial seizures: Patients are clearly conscious during seizures and know the seizure and surroundings. Help is needed for special seizure symptoms, such as: avoiding ball sports for patients with hallucinatory seizures, avoiding handling sharp objects for limb movement twitches. D. Atonic and tonic seizures: They are characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone or rigidity, which lasts for a short time and usually causes sudden falls, which are difficult to stop in time, so there is a high risk of injury. Seizures do not require first aid, but are often accompanied by other types of seizures (akathisia or myoclonus) and should be carefully observed. If the seizures are brief, first aid is usually not required. If the seizures are longer, you need to go to an epilepsy specialist and monitor the EEG. In short, seizures are unpredictable, once you encounter epileptic patients with sudden onset seizures, you must be in the protection of patient safety, prevent falls, burns, tongue bites, fractures and other accidents.