What are the tumors of thyroid gland 1.Thyroid adenoma This is the most common benign tumor of thyroid gland, which can be seen at any age, but is more common in young and middle-aged women aged 20~40. Most of them have no conscious symptoms, but they are often unintentionally touched in the anterior neck area, mostly single, painless, with envelope, and can move with swallowing, and the tumor grows slowly. About 10% of the tumors are cancerous, and the treatment principle should be early removal. 2. Subacute thyroiditis is more common clinically and occurs mostly in women aged 20 to 40. The thyroid gland may be diffusely enlarged bilaterally, or unilaterally enlarged nodules may be limited. However, the onset of the disease is usually acute and is mostly thought to be caused by viruses. It is often preceded by a history of upper respiratory tract infection, accompanied by mild fever and other systemic symptoms, such as elevated white blood cells, accelerated blood sedimentation, nervousness, sweating and tremors. It is often accompanied by local pain, especially when swallowing, and may radiate to the ear. High T3T4 and reduced iodine uptake on isotope scan are also seen. The disease resolves spontaneously in a few weeks or months without treatment. Small amounts of iodine and prednisone or small amounts of X-rays can help reduce the size of the swelling and have good results. Lymphatic thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto’s goiter, is an autoimmune disease. Clinical manifestations include chronic progressive bilateral symmetrical enlargement of the thyroid gland (including the isthmus), which is hard and tough, resembling elephant skin-like changes, with palpable slightly elevated nodules with clear borders and no adhesion to surrounding tissues. There are usually no conscious symptoms, but if the lesion persists for a long time, it may be accompanied by hypothyroidism, which is characterized by slower movements and swelling of the face or lower limbs. 4. Nodular goiter, also known as simple goiter, is usually found in endemic goiter areas and generally has a long course, lasting several years or decades. Except for the post-thymic thyroid gland, compression symptoms rarely occur, and some patients may be combined with hyperthyroidism. Chronic woody thyroiditis is a chronic fibroproliferative disease that is less common. It often occurs in women around 50 years of age. The thyroid gland is moderately enlarged, hard and wood-like in texture, progressive in development, may be fixed to surrounding tissues, and presents with symptoms of tracheal compression. There is no calcification on lateral cervical soft tissue radiographs. If radiotherapy is ineffective, surgical excision of the thyroid isthmus and exposure of the trachea is required to relieve or prevent symptoms of compression. If hypothyroidism is also present, thyroid hormone therapy may be given. Is there any relationship between benign and malignant thyroid tumors? There is a relationship between benign thyroid disease and thyroid cancer. 10%-20% of thyroid adenomas are found to change, and 5%-17% of Hashimoto’s disease is complicated by thyroid cancer. When the mass produces pressure symptoms, such as hoarseness, difficulty in breathing, swallowing disorder, especially when it is accompanied by enlarged cervical lymph nodes and pathological fracture, it is already in advanced stage. 2.Auxiliary examination There are many auxiliary examinations for thyroid cancer. Radioimmunoassay of T3, T4 and TSH can help to diagnose thyroid disease and identify the nature of nodules, but it is not a specific tumor marker. Serum calcitonin is considered to be a specific method for the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma and has diagnostic value if it is above the maximum normal value of 0.2ug/L (200pg/ml). Ultrasound helps to distinguish whether the mass is parenchymal, cystic, or mixed; nuclide scans show cold nodules in thyroid cancer and warm nodules in benign lesions. However, thyroid adenoma, cystic adenoma, intracapsular hemorrhage, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, and nodular goiter may show cold nodules; some well-differentiated thyroid cancers have some iodine absorption, or the lesions are small and located deep in the thyroid gland, which are masked by the normal thyroid tissue. The diagnostic accuracy of needle aspiration cytology can be more than 80%, but due to the different levels of puncture techniques and film readers, there is also a certain degree of error. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, on both sides of the trachea. It has a distinctive feature that it moves up and down with the swallowing action. V. Can thyroid cancer be prevented? The cause of thyroid cancer is not very clear, but a history of head and neck x-ray exposure in early childhood seems to be one of the causes, and the other is to detect thyroid swelling in time and treat it accordingly to prevent deterioration. Thyroid cancer is a common malignant endocrine gland tumor, accounting for about 1-2% of all tumors in the body, with more cases in women and the ratio between men and women is about 1:2-3. Thyroid cancer is a low-grade malignant tumor and sometimes has a natural survival period of up to 10 years. Except for undifferentiated carcinoma, the prognosis is generally good, with an average 5-year survival rate of 83.2% to 95.6%. Surgery is the main treatment method.