Coronary artery bypass surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting): Surgery used to repair or replace an obstructed coronary artery to improve the blood supply to the heart muscle. The procedure involves using grafted blood vessels (often the saphenous vein and internal mammary artery) to create a vascular pathway between the aorta and the distal end of the obstructed coronary artery. Coronary artery bypass grafting is a procedure that allows blood from the heart to flow from the aorta to the distal coronary arteries that are stenotic or obstructed, and to reach the ischemic myocardium, thereby improving the ischemic and hypoxic state of the myocardium. This reconstruction of myocardial blood flow is called coronary artery bypass grafting (commonly known as “bypass”). Coronary artery bypass grafting began in 1964, and is performed by taking the veins of the lower extremities or the internal mammary artery from the patient’s own body as the material for the bypass graft. Under extracorporeal circulation, the heart is stopped and a bridge is built between the aorta and the distal end of the diseased coronary artery. The indications are: (1) angina pectoris which is not easily relieved by medical treatment, affecting normal work and life, and the coronary artery trunk or main branches are found to have more than 70% stenosis by coronary angiography, and its distal end is patent. People with severe stenosis of the left main coronary artery are prone to sudden death, and should be regarded as the indication for coronary artery bypass grafting. (2) Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction within 6 hours of emergency aorto-coronary artery bypass grafting can improve myocardial blood flow in the infarcted area and reduce the necrotic area. Recently, the risk of this procedure has approached that of elective surgery. (3) Severe stenosis of coronary artery The three main branches of coronary artery (anterior descending branch, retrograde branch, right coronary artery) have severe stenosis (stenosis of more than 75%), regardless of the severity of the symptoms, should be considered for surgery. The new minimally invasive arterial bypass surgery can be performed directly on the beating heart without the use of extracorporeal circulatory support. On the one hand, it reduces the negative impact of the extracorporeal circulation system on the human body, and on the other hand, it can make the surgery less traumatic and accelerate the patient’s postoperative recovery. However, this minimally invasive bypass surgery is currently only available to a select group of eligible patients with coronary artery disease who have fewer lesions, less severe vascular calcification, and lung function.