Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a medical term for brain damage caused by fetal asphyxia in utero or during delivery, which in mild cases may leave no sequelae, but in severe cases may cause neurological sequelae. About 1 in 300 full-term newborns suffer from HIE, and the incidence is even higher in preterm infants, with 1 in 10 suffering from HIE. Although neonatal resuscitation has been widely adopted by the international obstetrics community during labor and delivery, resulting in a significant decrease in the incidence of neonatal asphyxia, the decrease in the incidence of HIE has not been significant. Experts believe that because some neonatal asphyxia is mainly related to the fetus’s own diseases, such as intrauterine infection, congenital myasthenia gravis, congenital heart disease, and prematurity, the new method of resuscitation is unable to do anything for these asphyxiated neonates. Internationally, there are strict criteria for the diagnosis of neonatal HIE, and the following four must be met to make the diagnosis: 1) Umbilical artery blood gas acidity at birth is less than 7.0; 2) Hoechst score at birth is less than 3 at 1 minute; 3) Neurological symptoms appear within 12 hours of birth; and 4) Accompanied by damage to other organs. Cranial CT films are of little diagnostic value in HIE, and in the absence of a medical history, the diagnosis of HIE cannot be made from CT films alone. According to the severity of the child’s condition, HIE can be categorized into mild, moderate and severe. In mild cases, the consciousness is clear, and the patient is over-excited and crying; in severe cases, the patient may be in a coma, and all kinds of deep and shallow reflexes disappear. According to this diagnostic standard, the number of newborns diagnosed with moderate and severe HIE in large general hospitals in developed countries is not many, only 3-5 cases per year, compared with similar hospitals in China, this number is much lower, and one of the reasons for this is related to the looseness of the diagnostic standard. Children with mild HIE do not need to be given too much intervention, and can basically recover on their own without sequelae. However, children with moderate or severe HIE have a high mortality rate and most of the survivors have sequelae such as motor impairment, mental retardation and epilepsy, and must be sent to a hospital with good medical technology and equipment for timely and accurate treatment in order to save their lives. After the risk period, it is necessary to follow up the child in the hospital and carry out long-term functional training under the guidance of the doctor, which may reduce the sequelae of HIE.