Clinical significance of tumor markers: CEA: broad-spectrum indicator of gastrointestinal tract tumors, intestinal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer. Reference range (5ng/ml) but can also be elevated in lung cancer, breast cancer. Note: CEA can also be slightly elevated by smoking, certain inflammatory diseases and other benign diseases. AFP: Primary liver cancer, yolk sac tumor, etc. Reference range (20ng/ml) Note: Pregnancy, hepatitis, chronic liver disease and other benign diseases can also cause a transient increase in AFP. CA199: pancreatic cancer, hepatobiliary tract cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, etc. Reference range (37U/ml) Note: benign diseases such as pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, cirrhosis, renal insufficiency and diabetes can cause CA199 to be elevated to some extent. CA125: Ovarian cancer is predominant. Cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. can also be seen to be elevated. Reference range (35U/ml) Note: Pregnancy, uterine fibroids, pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis and other benign diseases may increase CA125 to some extent. CA211: Non-small cell lung cancer. Reference range (5ng/ml) Elevations are also seen in esophageal cancer, epiglottis cancer, cervical cancer, skin cancer, etc. Note: CA211 is also slightly elevated by certain benign diseases. CA724: Gastrointestinal tumors, lung cancer, etc. Reference range (18.6ng/ml) Note: Sometimes slightly elevated in normal individuals and benign gastrointestinal diseases. NSE: Small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, etc. Reference range (25ng/ml) Note: Specimen hemolysis, brain injury, brain infarction, etc. can elevate NSE. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma including squamous lung cancer, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, etc. Reference range (1.5ng/ml) Note: Specimens contaminated with sweat, saliva, benign gynecological diseases will slightly elevate SCC. CA242: pancreatic cancer, gastrointestinal tumor, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, etc. Reference range (20U/ml) Note: Positive rate of benign diseases of colon, stomach, liver, pancreas, bile duct, etc. can be 5%-33%. CA153: Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, etc. may also be elevated. Reference range (30U/ml) Note: Benign breast disease and ovarian disorders also have a certain positive rate. B-HCG: Trophoblastic tumors such as: gravida, choriocarcinoma, testicular tumors. Reference range (5mIU/ml) but elevated levels can also be seen in breast cancer etc. Note: Normal pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, liver cirrhosis can elevate this indicator. T-PSA: Prostate cancer. Reference range (4ng/ml) Note: PSA can be elevated by prostatitis, prostate hypertrophy, prostate massage and puncture, proctoscopy and post-catheterization. F-PSA: Prostate cancer. Reference range (1ng/ml) Note: The ratio of F-PSA/T-PSA is relevant for the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer. *Note: The confidence interval for all reference ranges is 95%.