The number of children with precocious heart disease in China is huge, with about 2.2 million new children with precocious heart disease each year, of which complex precocious heart disease accounts for about one-third. Since the 1970s, through the efforts of several generations of cardiac surgery experts and scholars, the level of diagnosis and treatment of some precocious diseases has approached or reached the international level, but due to the economic level restrictions and unbalanced geographical development, the overall level of surgical treatment of complex precocious diseases in China is still quite far from that of developed countries. Most children with complex precardiac disease have cyanosis of the lips and mouth, which usually appears within a few months after birth and gradually worsens. According to the different levels of pulmonary artery pressure in children, complicated precocious heart disease can be divided into two major categories: 1. Pulmonary artery low pressure type: Tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, complete transposition of the great arteries combined with pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular double outlet combined with pulmonary valve stenosis, etc.; 2. Pulmonary artery high pressure type: complete transposition of the great arteries, complete pulmonary vein ectopic drainage, right ventricular double outlet, common arterial trunk, etc. Due to hypoxia and feeding difficulties, children with complex precordial disease often have delayed development of various organs, which aggravates their low resistance, and children often die prematurely due to pulmonary infection or heart failure. Therefore, with the improvement of the overall level of infant and child cardiac surgery, the principle of “early diagnosis and early treatment” of complex precocious heart disease has been widely recognized. According to statistics, 70-80% of complex precordial heart can be corrected (anatomically or physiologically) with high surgical safety, and children can enjoy normal or near-normal quality of life after surgery. The majority of the remaining children can also be palliative surgery can reduce symptoms and improve the quality of life. However, due to the characteristics of China’s national conditions, a considerable number of children with complex precocious heart disease are diagnosed late, which affects the effect of surgery or even misses the timing of surgery. Similarly, for children with complex precocious heart disease, successful surgery is only one aspect, and regular postoperative follow-up is also very important. In China, the community physicians and follow-up system is not yet complete, and the postoperative follow-up of children is more arbitrary and the medical compliance is low, resulting in low quality of life or premature death of some postoperative children. Some older children with severe pulmonary hypertension combined with complete aortic transposition, for example, can be cured with active efforts. Such children often require long-term postoperative anti-pulmonary hypertension medications (e.g., sildenafil) and avoid strenuous activities. However, some families tend to relax their vigilance after the first follow-up visit and discontinue the medication or indulge in activities after the follow-up visit, resulting in sudden death of the child. In addition, due to the lack of ideal pulmonary valve replacement materials worldwide, children with tetralogy of Fallot often have varying degrees of pulmonary regurgitation after radical surgery, and some of them develop right ventricular enlargement or arrhythmias several years after surgery, which require regular follow-up examinations and, when appropriate, consideration of reoperation or interventional placement of pulmonary valve stents to stop the disease process to avoid heart failure or sudden death. It should be noted that for some children with very complex precardiac disease (e.g., single ventricle with severe atrioventricular valve insufficiency), although surgery can delay the disease process, reduce symptoms, and improve quality of life, it cannot prevent the outcome of heart failure, and the child will eventually need a heart transplant. We hope that the child’s family can adjust their mindset and treat it correctly.